We investigate conditions sufficient for identification of average treatment effects using instrumental variables. First we show that the existence of valid instruments is not sufficient to identify any meaningful average treatment effect. We then establish that the combination of an instrument and a condition on the relation between the instrument and the participation status is sufficient for identification of a local average treatment effect for those who can be induced to change their participation status by changing the value of the instrument. Finally we derive the probability limit of the standard IV estimator under these conditions. It is seen to be a weighted average of local average treatment effects.

Evolution and Rationality Some Recent Game-Theoretic Results. Identification and Estimation of Local Average Treatment Effects

The four Visegrad states — Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia (until 1993 Czechoslovakia) and Hungary — form a compact area between Germany and Austria in the west and the states of the former USSR in the east. They are bounded by the Baltic in the north and the Danube river in the south. They are cut by the Sudeten and Carpathian mountain ranges, which divide Poland off from the other states. Poland is an extension of the North European plain and like the latter is drained by rivers that flow from south to north west — the Oder, the Vlatava and the Elbe, the Vistula and the Bug. The Danube is the great exception, flowing from its source eastward, turning through two 90-degree turns to end up in the Black Sea, forming the barrier and often the political frontier between central Europe and the Balkans. Hungary to the east of the Danube is also an open plain. The region is historically and culturally part of western Europe, but its eastern Marches now represents a vital strategic zone between Germany and the core of the European Union to the west and the Russian zone to the east.

Economy and Society

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Quasi-experimentation - design and analysis issues for field settings - cook,td, campbell,dt

'Institutionalized Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony', American Journal of Sociology, 83, pp. 340-63.

Prior research has not sufficiently explained the various pathways that lead to career-ending misconduct among police officers, most notably the timing of misconduct in officers’ careers, whether c...

Pathways to Career-Ending Police Misconduct: An Examination of Patterns, Timing, and Organizational Responses to Officer Malfeasance in the NYPD

Over the last two decades, New York City has witnessed historic drops in crime. Numerous explanations for this crime decline have been discussed, and the New York City Police Department (NYPD) has ...

The New York City Police Department, its Crime Control Strategies and Organizational Changes, 1970-2009

Although body-worn cameras (BWCs) have diffused rapidly in law enforcement both in the United States and abroad, questions have emerged regarding the potential utility of BWCs for specialized polic...

One Size Doesn’t Fit All: The Deployment of Police Body-Worn Cameras to Specialty Units

In only five years, both the implementation of police body-worn cameras (BWCs) and the evidence base evaluating the technology has diffused at a breakneck pace. As the number of studies has increased, so too has the uncertainty surrounding BWCs and their impact on various outcomes. In this commentary, we bring together the differing viewpoints on the five existing summaries of the BWC literature, highlight the key sources of contention, and make recommendations for BWC scholars and consumers moving forward.

Open to Interpretation: Confronting the Challenges of Understanding the Current State of Body-Worn Camera Research

Jammed Up: An Introduction 2. What We Know and Don't Know about Police Misconduct3. Setting the Stage: An Historical Look at the New York Police Department4. Exploring Career-Ending Misconduct in the NYPD: Who, What, and How Often 5. Predicting Police Misconduct: How to Recognize the Bad Cops 6. The Department, the City, and Police Misconduct: Looking beyond the Bad Cop7. Explaining Bad Behavior: Can Criminology Help Us Understand Police Misconduct?8. What We Know about Being Jammed Up, and Transitioning to a Discourse on Good Policing

Michael D. White

Papers

Pathways to Career-Ending Police Misconduct: An Examination of Patterns, Timing, and Organizational Responses to Officer Malfeasance in the NYPD

The New York City Police Department, its Crime Control Strategies and Organizational Changes, 1970-2009

One Size Doesn’t Fit All: The Deployment of Police Body-Worn Cameras to Specialty Units

Open to Interpretation: Confronting the Challenges of Understanding the Current State of Body-Worn Camera Research

Jammed Up: Bad Cops, Police Misconduct, and the New York City Police Department