Assessment of symptoms of DSM-IV anxiety and depression in children: a revised child anxiety and depression scale

Ninety-four children (aged 9-13 years) with anxiety disorders were randomly assigned to cognitive behavioral treatment or waiting-list control. Outcomes were evaluated using diagnostic status, child self-reports, parent and teacher reports, cognitive assessment and behavioral observation: maintenance was examined using 1-year follow-up data. Analyses of dependent measures indicated significant improvements over time, with the majority indicating greater gains for those receiving treatment. Treatment gains returned cases to within nondeviant limits (i.e., normative comparisons) and were maintained at 1-year follow-up. Client age and comorbid status did not moderate outcomes. A preliminary examination of treatment segments suggested that the enactive exposure (when it follows cognitive-educational training) was an active force in beneficial change. Discussion includes suggestions for future research.

Therapy for youths with anxiety disorders: a second randomized clinical trial.

A reliability generalization study for Spielberger’s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was conducted. A total of 816 research articles utilizing the STAI between 1990 and 2000 were reviewed and ...

Reliability Generalization of Scores on the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory:

and general: a + b = b + a. All algebraic formulas and equations are decontextualized statements. Syllogisms can be decontextualized: Which statement (1 or 2) is false? (1) All Xs are Y; all Ys are Z; therefore all Xs are Z. (2) All Ps are Q; all Ns are Q; therefore all Ps are N. Now notice how much easier equivalent syllogisms seem when they are contextualized: (1) All men are persons; all persons are human; therefore all men are human. (2) All chickens are fowl; all ducks are fowl; therefore all chickens are ducks. A person who is unable to decontextualize a syllogism would most likely declare the following syllogism to be false, although in terms of pure logic (but not experience) it is true: All apples are fruit; all fruits are green; therefore all apples are green. Syllo­ gisms are no longer used in IQ tests, because syllogisms are uniformly easy for persons who solve them by using Venn diagrams. Since knowing or not knowing the ' 'trick'' of using a Venn diagram is the main determinant of passing or failing a syllogism, syllo­ gisms are poor items for an IQ test. Different persons with the same IQ differ much too markedly on \"syllogism ability,\" a difference often attributable to their either having learned or not having learned the \"trick\" of using Venn diagrams for verifying syllo­ gisms. However, syllogisms would be suitable items in an achievement test, to determine whether a student had mastered the use of Venn diagrams after receiving instruction. 28. Lynn, 1987a, 1987b, 1989, 1990a, 1990b; Lynn & Pagliari, 1994. 29. Schoenthaler et al., 1991. A good, though far from comprehensive, article on the effects of nutrition on IQ (Ricciuti, 1994) offers a somewhat more conservative assess­ ment than the articles by Lynn and by Schoenthaler. Eysenck (1995) discusses the use of nutrients as a means of sudying intelligence differences experimentally. Eysenck and Schoenthaler (1997) provide the most recent and comprehensive review of experimental studies of the effects of nutrition on IQ. 30. Jensen (1997a) reviews much of the recent literature on the effects of the biological environmental factors (including mother-fetus immunogenic incompatibility factors) on mental development. Most of the environmental variance in IQ is attributable to the cumulative effect of such biological factors. Jensen (1996a) replies to an article by Flynn (in the same book) and summarizes the specific environmental factors hypothesized to play some part in the secular rise in IQ. 31. Modern mass-production poultry farms make use of this phenomenon, by keeping chicks under bright electric lighting twenty-four hours a day, to hasten their rate of growth and the time needed to reach their maximum egg-laying capacity. 32. (a) Lucas et al., 1992; (b) Ryan et al., 1991.

The g factor.

Development of Eating Problems in Adolescent Girls: A Longitudinal Study.

Psychometric characteristics of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children (CES-DC) were evaluated with 148 child and adolescent psychiatric inpatients. Test-retest reliability, internal consistency, and concurrent validity were adequate. Principal components analysis identified three distinct factors: behavioral and cognitive components of depression and a happiness dimension. However, subsequent factor scores and CES-DC total scores were unable to discriminate DSM-III diagnoses, including depressive and nondepressive categories. The CES-DC showed poor reliability and validity in the children alone but had good psychometric properties for the adolescents. More validational research is required before standard clinical use can be recommended.

Assessment of depression in childhood and adolescence: an evaluation of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children (CES-DC).

Children's Depression Inventory: Construct and Discriminant Validity across Clinical and Nonreferred (Control) Populations.

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has neuropsychiatric and psychopathological complications: anxiety, depressive symptoms, and suicidal ideation are common. Patients may express anger toward ineffective medical care and perceived public discrimination, guilt about sexual practices or drug abuse, reactions to social isolation, and uncertainty about the implications of an AIDS diagnosis. CNS dysfunction and subsequent neuropsychiatric impairment are common and are initially characterized by decreased acuity, slowed mentation, and psychomotor retardation that can resemble depression. Marked global cognitive deficits, disorientation, and delusions ensue. The author discusses case management and outlines future clinical and research activities.

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Psychiatric Aspects of AIDS

Reactions to the parents of the child suicide: a study of social impressions.

"Children's Depression Inventory: Construct and discriminant validity across clinical and nonreferred (control) populations": Correction to Carey et al.

Michael E. Faulstich

Papers

Assessment of depression in childhood and adolescence: an evaluation of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children (CES-DC).

Children's Depression Inventory: Construct and Discriminant Validity across Clinical and Nonreferred (Control) Populations.

Psychiatric Aspects of AIDS

Reactions to the parents of the child suicide: a study of social impressions.

"Children's Depression Inventory: Construct and discriminant validity across clinical and nonreferred (control) populations": Correction to Carey et al.