The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex "Frontal Lobe" tasks: a latent variable analysis.

▪ Abstract The prefrontal cortex has long been suspected to play an important role in cognitive control, in the ability to orchestrate thought and action in accordance with internal goals. Its neural basis, however, has remained a mystery. Here, we propose that cognitive control stems from the active maintenance of patterns of activity in the prefrontal cortex that represent goals and the means to achieve them. They provide bias signals to other brain structures whose net effect is to guide the flow of activity along neural pathways that establish the proper mappings between inputs, internal states, and outputs needed to perform a given task. We review neurophysiological, neurobiological, neuroimaging, and computational studies that support this theory and discuss its implications as well as further issues to be addressed

/pdf/an-integrative-theory-of-prefrontal-cortex-function-2j9unprn5f.pdf

An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function

Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain—3-Dimensional Proportional System: An Approach to Cerebral Imaging, J. Talairach, P. Tournoux. Georg Thieme Verlag, New York (1988), 122 pp., 130 figs. DM 268

Today's Web-enabled deluge of electronic data calls for automated methods of data analysis. Machine learning provides these, developing methods that can automatically detect patterns in data and then use the uncovered patterns to predict future data. This textbook offers a comprehensive and self-contained introduction to the field of machine learning, based on a unified, probabilistic approach. The coverage combines breadth and depth, offering necessary background material on such topics as probability, optimization, and linear algebra as well as discussion of recent developments in the field, including conditional random fields, L1 regularization, and deep learning. The book is written in an informal, accessible style, complete with pseudo-code for the most important algorithms. All topics are copiously illustrated with color images and worked examples drawn from such application domains as biology, text processing, computer vision, and robotics. Rather than providing a cookbook of different heuristic methods, the book stresses a principled model-based approach, often using the language of graphical models to specify models in a concise and intuitive way. Almost all the models described have been implemented in a MATLAB software package--PMTK (probabilistic modeling toolkit)--that is freely available online. The book is suitable for upper-level undergraduates with an introductory-level college math background and beginning graduate students.

Machine Learning : A Probabilistic Perspective

Background and Purpose—The authors present an overview of the current evidence and management recommendations for evaluation and treatment of adults with acute ischemic stroke. The intended audienc...

/pdf/guidelines-for-the-early-management-of-patients-with-acute-19udbft6e7.pdf

Guidelines for the Early Management of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association

A remembrance of Donald T. Stuss, PhD, OC, OOnt, FRSC, one of the giants of modern neuropsychology, died on September 3, 2019, of complications from pancreatic cancer after a short illness. He was 77.

Donald T. Stuss: A Remembrance

Dopamine Dysfunction in Schizophrenia: From Genetic Susceptibility to Cognitive Impairment

In Reply. —Dr Palma's analysis of the acute phase of the illness of Mrs X is plausible. However, the clinical course of hemorrhagic transformation is common even in patients with ischemic infarction who do not receive rt-PA. There are 2 types of hemorrhage in ischemic brain, intraparenchymal hemorrhage and hemorrhagic transformation. There is recent evidence that rt-PA may not increase the risk of hemorrhagic transformation. 1 Mrs X had hemorrhagic transformation, but it is not certain that rt-PA was responsible, nor that the patchy hemorrhage worsened the outcome of the infarction. Standard stroke scale assessments may have been applied in her case at the initial treating hospital. Information from that phase of her illness was not available to me. Standard assessment is essential in all patients with stroke, and particularly in those receiving rt-PA, thus, my emphasis on adherence to published guidelines that include such a requirement. 2 The emerging science of

Clinical Crossroads: A 36-Year-Old Woman Recuperating From Stroke-Reply

Capgras syndrome: a reduplicative phenomenon.

The oral reading and repetition of nouns was tested in six fluent aphasics at two different times, with the initial testing occurring at least within the first 6 months post-stroke. Results revealed that oral reading was initially more impaired than repetition, and that the latter resolved much more quickly.

Michael P. Alexander

Papers

Donald T. Stuss: A Remembrance

Dopamine Dysfunction in Schizophrenia: From Genetic Susceptibility to Cognitive Impairment

Clinical Crossroads: A 36-Year-Old Woman Recuperating From Stroke-Reply

Capgras syndrome: a reduplicative phenomenon.

A longitudinal comparison of the oral reading and repetition of nouns in acute fluent aphasics