抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

To use solar irradiation or interior lighting efficiently, we sought a photocatalyst with high reactivity under visible light. Films and powders of TiO 2- x N x have revealed an improvement over titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) under visible light (wavelength 2 has proven to be indispensable for band-gap narrowing and photocatalytic activity, as assessed by first-principles calculations and x-ray photoemission spectroscopy.

/pdf/visible-light-photocatalysis-in-nitrogen-doped-titanium-np6nklr9gh.pdf

Visible-Light Photocatalysis in Nitrogen-Doped Titanium Oxides

Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, Modifications, and Applications

Quantification of global forest change has been lacking despite the recognized importance of forest ecosystem services. In this study, Earth observation satellite data were used to map global forest loss (2.3 million square kilometers) and gain (0.8 million square kilometers) from 2000 to 2012 at a spatial resolution of 30 meters. The tropics were the only climate domain to exhibit a trend, with forest loss increasing by 2101 square kilometers per year. Brazil's well-documented reduction in deforestation was offset by increasing forest loss in Indonesia, Malaysia, Paraguay, Bolivia, Zambia, Angola, and elsewhere. Intensive forestry practiced within subtropical forests resulted in the highest rates of forest change globally. Boreal forest loss due largely to fire and forestry was second to that in the tropics in absolute and proportional terms. These results depict a globally consistent and locally relevant record of forest change.

High-Resolution Global Maps of 21st-Century Forest Cover Change

PHREEQC version 2 is a computer program written in the C programming language that is designed to perform a wide variety of low-temperature aqueous geochemical calculations. PHREEQC is based on an ion-association aqueous model and has capabilities for (1) speciation and saturation-index calculations; (2) batch-reaction and onedimensional (1D) transport calculations involving reversible reactions, which include aqueous, mineral, gas, solidsolution, surface-complexation, and ion-exchange equilibria, and irreversible reactions, which include specified mole transfers of reactants, kinetically controlled reactions, mixing of solutions, and temperature changes; and (3) inverse modeling, which finds sets of mineral and gas mole transfers that account for differences in composition between waters, within specified compositional uncertainty limits. New features in PHREEQC version 2 relative to version 1 include capabilities to simulate dispersion (or diffusion) and stagnant zones in 1D-transport calculations, to model kinetic reactions with user-defined rate expressions, to model the formation or dissolution of ideal, multicomponent or nonideal, binary solid solutions, to model fixed-volume gas phases in addition to fixed-pressure gas phases, to allow the number of surface or exchange sites to vary with the dissolution or precipitation of minerals or kinetic reactants, to include isotope mole balances in inverse modeling calculations, to automatically use multiple sets of convergence parameters, to print user-defined quantities to the primary output file and (or) to a file suitable for importation into a spreadsheet, and to define solution compositions in a format more compatible with spreadsheet programs. This report presents the equations that are the basis for chemical equilibrium, kinetic, transport, and inverse modeling calculations in PHREEQC; describes the input for the program; and presents examples that demonstrate most of the program's capabilities.

/pdf/user-s-guide-to-phreeqc-version-2-a-computer-program-for-9fu20e4sda.pdf

User's guide to PHREEQC (Version 2)-a computer program for speciation, batch-reaction, one-dimensional transport, and inverse geochemical calculations

Formaldehyde reacts with bisulfite to form hydroxymethanesulfonate, which is a conjugate base of a strong acid, and is able to be transported actively by the coupled countertransport of hydroxide ion through an anion-exchange membrane. The permeation rate is controlled by pH and formaldehyde can be separated readily from other types of organic solutes via this method.

Active Transport of Formaldehyde through an Anion-Exchange Membrane via the Formation of Bisulfite Adduct

Photoreduction of iron oxyhydroxides in the presence of halogenated acetic acids: Implications for tropospheric chemistry

Progress and prospect of anodic oxidation for the remediation of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water and wastewater using diamond electrodes

Three Dimensional Modeling of Dendrite Growth in Rechargeable Lithium Metal Batteries

A study of atmospheric pollutant behavior was conducted in the southern San Joaquin Valley of California during periods of stagnation, both with and without dense fog. Measurements were made of gas-phase and aerosol pollutant concentrations, fogwater composition, and deposition of solutes to surrogate surfaces. Deposition rates for major species were 5 to 20 times greater during fogs compared to nonfoggy periods. Sulfate-ion deposition velocities measured during fog were 0.5 to 2 cm s^(-1). Rates measured for nitrate ion were generally 50% below those for sulfate, except for acidic fog (pH 3 d) for valley air.

Michael R. Hoffmann

Papers

Active Transport of Formaldehyde through an Anion-Exchange Membrane via the Formation of Bisulfite Adduct

Photoreduction of iron oxyhydroxides in the presence of halogenated acetic acids: Implications for tropospheric chemistry

Progress and prospect of anodic oxidation for the remediation of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water and wastewater using diamond electrodes

Three Dimensional Modeling of Dendrite Growth in Rechargeable Lithium Metal Batteries

Pollutant Deposition in Radiation Fog