抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

To use solar irradiation or interior lighting efficiently, we sought a photocatalyst with high reactivity under visible light. Films and powders of TiO 2- x N x have revealed an improvement over titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) under visible light (wavelength 2 has proven to be indispensable for band-gap narrowing and photocatalytic activity, as assessed by first-principles calculations and x-ray photoemission spectroscopy.

/pdf/visible-light-photocatalysis-in-nitrogen-doped-titanium-np6nklr9gh.pdf

Visible-Light Photocatalysis in Nitrogen-Doped Titanium Oxides

Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, Modifications, and Applications

Quantification of global forest change has been lacking despite the recognized importance of forest ecosystem services. In this study, Earth observation satellite data were used to map global forest loss (2.3 million square kilometers) and gain (0.8 million square kilometers) from 2000 to 2012 at a spatial resolution of 30 meters. The tropics were the only climate domain to exhibit a trend, with forest loss increasing by 2101 square kilometers per year. Brazil's well-documented reduction in deforestation was offset by increasing forest loss in Indonesia, Malaysia, Paraguay, Bolivia, Zambia, Angola, and elsewhere. Intensive forestry practiced within subtropical forests resulted in the highest rates of forest change globally. Boreal forest loss due largely to fire and forestry was second to that in the tropics in absolute and proportional terms. These results depict a globally consistent and locally relevant record of forest change.

High-Resolution Global Maps of 21st-Century Forest Cover Change

PHREEQC version 2 is a computer program written in the C programming language that is designed to perform a wide variety of low-temperature aqueous geochemical calculations. PHREEQC is based on an ion-association aqueous model and has capabilities for (1) speciation and saturation-index calculations; (2) batch-reaction and onedimensional (1D) transport calculations involving reversible reactions, which include aqueous, mineral, gas, solidsolution, surface-complexation, and ion-exchange equilibria, and irreversible reactions, which include specified mole transfers of reactants, kinetically controlled reactions, mixing of solutions, and temperature changes; and (3) inverse modeling, which finds sets of mineral and gas mole transfers that account for differences in composition between waters, within specified compositional uncertainty limits. New features in PHREEQC version 2 relative to version 1 include capabilities to simulate dispersion (or diffusion) and stagnant zones in 1D-transport calculations, to model kinetic reactions with user-defined rate expressions, to model the formation or dissolution of ideal, multicomponent or nonideal, binary solid solutions, to model fixed-volume gas phases in addition to fixed-pressure gas phases, to allow the number of surface or exchange sites to vary with the dissolution or precipitation of minerals or kinetic reactants, to include isotope mole balances in inverse modeling calculations, to automatically use multiple sets of convergence parameters, to print user-defined quantities to the primary output file and (or) to a file suitable for importation into a spreadsheet, and to define solution compositions in a format more compatible with spreadsheet programs. This report presents the equations that are the basis for chemical equilibrium, kinetic, transport, and inverse modeling calculations in PHREEQC; describes the input for the program; and presents examples that demonstrate most of the program's capabilities.

/pdf/user-s-guide-to-phreeqc-version-2-a-computer-program-for-9fu20e4sda.pdf

User's guide to PHREEQC (Version 2)-a computer program for speciation, batch-reaction, one-dimensional transport, and inverse geochemical calculations

The kinetics and mechanism of the sonochemical reactions of p-nitrophenol have been investigated in oxygenated aqueous solutions. In the presence of ultrasound (20 kHz, 84 W) p-nitrophenol was degraded primarily by denitration to yield NO_2^-, NO_3^-, benzoquinone, hydroquinone, 4-nitrocatechol, formate, and oxalate. These reaction products and the kinetic observations are consistent with a model involving high-temperature reactions of p-nitrophenol in the interfacial region of cavitation bubbles. The main reaction pathway appears to be carbon-nitrogen bond cleavage. Reaction with hydroxyl radical provides a secondary reaction channel. The average effective temperature of the interfacial region surrounding the cavitation bubbles was estimated to be T ≃ 800 K.

Ultrasonic Irradiation of p‐Nitrophenol in Aqueous Solution.

A Self-Contained, PV-Powered Toilet and Domestic Waste Water Disinfection System

An electrolysis electrode having an array of nanotubes is disclosed. The electrode may provide high chlorine evolution and hydroxyl radical production activity for electrochemical wastewater treatment. The electrode includes a substrate and a nanotube array contacting the substrate. A semiconductor material overlays the top surface of the nanotube array. The nanotube array may be a stabilized blue-black TiO2 nanotube array, and the overlying semiconductor material may include TiO2. Several other improvements may enhance the service life of the electrode. For example, the electrode may be subjected to secondary anodization to enhance the binding between the nanotube array and substrate. During manufacture the electrode may be processed with ethanol to reduce cracks in the nanotube array. Additionally, during electrolysis the voltage polarity applied the electrode may be periodically switched so that the electrode operates alternatively as an anode or a cathode depending on the voltage polarity.

Electrolysis electrode featuring nanotube array and methods of manufacture and using same for water treatment

Free radicals intermediates are formed on the surface of metal oxide semiconductors, namely TiO_2 and Fe_2O_3, following the light-induced charge separation upon band-gap illumination. These radicals appear to adhere strongly to the surfaces of the small colloidal particles (diameters between 5 and 20 nm) employed in this study. A second electron-transfer step yielding the observed end-products therefore preceeds desorption of the reactive intermediates. Oxidation of methylviologen (1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridylium chloride) and reduction of halothane (2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-
trifluoroethane) is thus found to proceed with high quantum yields and very specific mechanisms on colloidal TiO_2. The oxidation of sulfite on α-Fe_2O_3 particles yields the sulfite radical anion, SO_3^- , as initial intermediate. A subsequent electron transfer leading to the formation of sulfate occurs on the surface of the same catalyst particle.

Stabilization of free radical intermediates on metal oxide semiconductors surfaces

In 2021, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) introduced a novel method for assessing species recovery and conservation impact: the IUCN Green Status of Species. The Green Status standardizes recovery using a metric called the Green Score, which ranges from 0% to 100%. This study focuses on one crucial step in the Green Status method—the division of a species’ range into so-called “spatial units”—and evaluates whether different approaches for delineating spatial units affect the outcome of the assessment (i.e., the Green Score). We compared Green Scores generated using biologically based spatial units (the recommended method) to Green Scores generated using ecologically based or country-based spatial units for 29 species of birds and mammals in Europe. We found that while spatial units delineated using ecoregions and countries (fine-scale) produced greater average numbers of spatial units and significantly lower average Green Scores than biologically based spatial units, coarse-scale spatial units delineated using biomes and countries above a range proportion threshold did not differ significantly from biologically based results for average spatial unit number or average Green Score. However, case studies focusing on results for individual species (rather than a group average) showed that, depending on characteristics of the species’ distribution, even these coarse-scale delineations of ecological or country spatial units often over- or under-predict the Green Score compared to biologically based spatial units. We discuss cases in which the use of ecologically based or country-based spatial units is recommended or discouraged, in hopes that our results will strengthen the new Green Status framework and ensure consistency in application.

/pdf/the-impact-of-spatial-delineation-on-the-assessment-of-mr9e0ser.pdf

Michael R. Hoffmann

Papers

Ultrasonic Irradiation of p‐Nitrophenol in Aqueous Solution.

A Self-Contained, PV-Powered Toilet and Domestic Waste Water Disinfection System

Electrolysis electrode featuring nanotube array and methods of manufacture and using same for water treatment

Stabilization of free radical intermediates on metal oxide semiconductors surfaces

The Impact of Spatial Delineation on the Assessment of Species Recovery Outcomes