Identification of people by analysis of gait patterns extracted from video has recently become a popular research problem. However, the conditions under which the problem is "solvable" are not understood or characterized. To provide a means for measuring progress and characterizing the properties of gait recognition, we introduce the humanlD gait challenge problem. The challenge problem consists of a baseline algorithm, a set of 12 experiments, and a large data set. The baseline algorithm estimates silhouettes by background subtraction and performs recognition by temporal correlation of silhouettes. The 12 experiments are of increasing difficulty, as measured by the baseline algorithm, and examine the effects of five covariates on performance. The covariates are: change in viewing angle, change in shoe type, change in walking surface, carrying or not carrying a briefcase, and elapsed time between sequences being compared. Identification rates for the 12 experiments range from 78 percent on the easiest experiment to 3 percent on the hardest. All five covariates had statistically significant effects on performance, with walking surface and time difference having the greatest impact. The data set consists of 1,870 sequences from 122 subjects spanning five covariates (1.2 gigabytes of data). This infrastructure supports further development of gait recognition algorithms and additional experiments to understand the strengths and weaknesses of new algorithms. The experimental results are presented, the more detailed is the possible meta-analysis and greater is the understanding. It is this potential from the adoption of this challenge problem that represents a radical departure from traditional computer vision research methodology.

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The humanID gait challenge problem: data sets, performance, and analysis

Gait analysis using wearable sensors is an inexpensive, convenient, and efficient manner of providing useful information for multiple health-related applications. As a clinical tool applied in the rehabilitation and diagnosis of medical conditions and sport activities, gait analysis using wearable sensors shows great prospects. The current paper reviews available wearable sensors and ambulatory gait analysis methods based on the various wearable sensors. After an introduction of the gait phases, the principles and features of wearable sensors used in gait analysis are provided. The gait analysis methods based on wearable sensors is divided into gait kinematics, gait kinetics, and electromyography. Studies on the current methods are reviewed, and applications in sports, rehabilitation, and clinical diagnosis are summarized separately. With the development of sensor technology and the analysis method, gait analysis using wearable sensors is expected to play an increasingly important role in clinical applications.

/pdf/gait-analysis-using-wearable-sensors-x1b4m112uw.pdf

Gait analysis using wearable sensors.

The biomechanics of slips are an important component in the prevention of fall-related injuries The purpose of this paper is to review the available literature on the biomechanics of gait relevant to slips This knowledge can be used to develop slip resistance testing methodologies and to determine critical differences in human behaviour between slips leading to recovery and those resulting in falls Ground reaction forces at the shoe-floor interface have been extensively studied and are probably the most critical biomechanical factor in slips The ratio of the shear to normal foot forces generated during gait, known as the required coefficient of friction (RCOF) during normal locomotion on dry surfaces or 'friction used/achievable' during slips, has been one biomechanical variable most closely associated with the measured frictional properties of the shoe/floor interface (usually the coefficient of friction or COF) Other biomechanical factors that also play an important role are the kinematics of the foot at heel contact and human responses to slipping perturbations, often evident in the moments generated at the lower extremity joints and postural adaptations In addition, it must be realized that the biomechanics are dependent upon the capabilities of the postural control system, the mental set of the individual, and the perception of the environment, particularly, the danger of slipping The focus of this paper is to review what is known regarding the kinematics and kinetics of walking on surfaces under a variety of environmental conditions Finally, we discuss future biomechanical research needs to help to improve walkway-friction measurements and safety

Biomechanics of slips

Experimental identification and analytical modelling of human walking forces: Literature review

Preface. Part 1: Introduction. 1. Introduction to the Biomechanics of Human Movement. 2. Fundamentals of Biomechanics and Qualitative Analysis. Part 2: Biological/Structural Bases. 3. Anatomical Description and its Limitations. 4. Mechanics of the Musculoskeletal System. Part 3: Mechanical Bases. 5. Linear and Angular Kinetics. 6. Linear Kinetics. 7. Angular Kinetics. 8. Fluid Mechanics. Part 4: Applications of Biomechanics in Qualitative Analysis. 9. Applying Biomechanics in Physical Education. 10. Applying Biomechanics in Coaching. 11. Applying Biomechanics in Strength and Conditioning. 12. Applying Biomechanics in Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation. References. Appendix A: Glossary. Appendix B: Conversion Factors. Appendix C: Suggested Answers to Selected Review Questions. Appendix D: Right Angle Trigonometry Review. Appendix E: Qualitative Analysis in Biomechanical Principles. Index. Lab Activities. About the Author. Index.

Fundamentals of Biomechanics

Clinical gait analysis: A review

Generation and attenuation of transient impulsive forces beneath the foot: a review.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the maneuver of altering the angle of pelvic tilt when standing is effective in changing the angle of lumbar lordosis. The importance of the study was to establish a scientific basis for a common clinical assumption. Pelvic tilt and lumbar lordosis were measured during three conditions: with subjects in a normal standing posture, with subjects assuming a maximal anterior pelvic tilt posture, and with subjects assuming a maximal posterior pelvic tilt posture. Measurements of pelvic tilt and lumbar lordosis were obtained using a television/computer system that obtained the three-dimensional coordinates of markers on the pelvis and spine at 20-msec intervals. Each measurement was made three times, and all were found to be reliable, with intraclass correlation coefficients (3,1) ranging from 0.78 to 0.95 (p < 0.001). Adopting a maximal anterior pelvic tilt changed the pelvic attitude relative to the horizontal by an average of 11.4° (p < 0.001) and increase...

https://www.jospt.org/doi/pdf/10.2519/jospt.1996.24.3.130

The Effects of Pelvic Movement on Lumbar Lordosis in the Standing Position

Chapter 1 Basic Sciences Anatomy Physiology Motor control Biomechanics Chapter 2 Normal Gait Walking and gait History Terminology used in gait analysis Outline of the gait cycle The gait cycle in detail Ground reaction forces Support moment Energy consumption Optimization of energy usage Starting and stopping Other varieties of gait Changes in Gait with Age Chapter 3 Pathological and other abnormal gaits Specific gait abnormalities Walking aids Treadmill gait Chapter 4 Methods of gait analysis Visual gait analysis Temporal and Spatial Parameters during Gait Measurement of Temporal and Spatial Parameters during Gait Camera Based Motion Analysis Active marker systems Accelerometers Gyroscopes, Magnetic Fields and Motion Capture Suits Measuring Force and Pressure Pressure beneath the foot Measuring Muscle Activity Measuring Energy Expenditure Combined kinetic/kinematic systems Chapter 5 Applications of gait analysis Clinical gait assessment Conditions benefiting from gait assessment Future developments Conclusion Chapter 6 Gait assessment of neurological diseases Gait assessment in Cerebral palsy Gait assessment in Stroke Gait assessment in Parkinson's disease Gait assessment in Muscular dystrophy Chapter 7 Gait analysis in musculoskeletal conditions and prosthetics and orthotics Total hip replacement Gait analysis in knee osteoarthritis High tibial knee osteotomy Prosthetics and orthotics Amputee gait Orthotic gait Index

Michael W. Whittle

Papers

Clinical gait analysis: A review

Generation and attenuation of transient impulsive forces beneath the foot: a review.

The Effects of Pelvic Movement on Lumbar Lordosis in the Standing Position

Whittle's Gait Analysis

Three-dimensional motion of the center of gravity of the body during walking