Additive manufacturing, otherwise known as three-dimensional (3D) printing, is driving major innovations in many areas, such as engineering, manufacturing, art, education and medicine. Recent advances have enabled 3D printing of biocompatible materials, cells and supporting components into complex 3D functional living tissues. 3D bioprinting is being applied to regenerative medicine to address the need for tissues and organs suitable for transplantation. Compared with non-biological printing, 3D bioprinting involves additional complexities, such as the choice of materials, cell types, growth and differentiation factors, and technical challenges related to the sensitivities of living cells and the construction of tissues. Addressing these complexities requires the integration of technologies from the fields of engineering, biomaterials science, cell biology, physics and medicine. 3D bioprinting has already been used for the generation and transplantation of several tissues, including multilayered skin, bone, vascular grafts, tracheal splints, heart tissue and cartilaginous structures. Other applications include developing high-throughput 3D-bioprinted tissue models for research, drug discovery and toxicology.

3D bioprinting of tissues and organs

人教版高中英语新课程教材中,语言运用（Using Language）是每个单元必不可少的部分,提供了围绕单元中心话题的听、说、读、写的综合性练习,是单元中心话题的延续和升华.如何设计Using Language部分的教学,使自己的教学模式既不落俗套,又能真正体现新课程标准所倡导的教学理念,正是广大一线英语教师一直努力探索的问题.

打磨Using Language,倡导新理念

The Visual Display of Quantitative Information

Generation of graspable three-dimensional objects applied for surgical planning, prosthetics and related applications using 3D printing or rapid prototyping is summarized and evaluated. Graspable 3D objects overcome the limitations of 3D visualizations which can only be displayed on flat screens. 3D objects can be produced based on CT or MRI volumetric medical images. Using dedicated post-processing algorithms, a spatial model can be extracted from image data sets and exported to machine-readable data. That spatial model data is utilized by special printers for generating the final rapid prototype model. Patient–clinician interaction, surgical training, medical research and education may require graspable 3D objects. The limitations of rapid prototyping include cost and complexity, as well as the need for specialized equipment and consumables such as photoresist resins. Medical application of rapid prototyping is feasible for specialized surgical planning and prosthetics applications and has significant potential for development of new medical applications.

3D printing based on imaging data: review of medical applications

The analysis of complex multiphysics astrophysical simulations presents a unique and rapidly growing set of challenges: reproducibility, parallelization, and vast increases in data size and complexity chief among them. In order to meet these challenges, and in order to open up new avenues for collaboration between users of multiple simulation platforms, we present yt (available at http://yt.enzotools.org/) an open source, community-developed astrophysical analysis and visualization toolkit. Analysis and visualization with yt are oriented around physically relevant quantities rather than quantities native to astrophysical simulation codes. While originally designed for handling Enzo's structure adaptive mesh refinement data, yt has been extended to work with several different simulation methods and simulation codes including Orion, RAMSES, and FLASH. We report on its methods for reading, handling, and visualizing data, including projections, multivariate volume rendering, multi-dimensional histograms, halo finding, light cone generation, and topologically connected isocontour identification. Furthermore, we discuss the underlying algorithms yt uses for processing and visualizing data, and its mechanisms for parallelization of analysis tasks.

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yt: A Multi-code Analysis Toolkit for Astrophysical Simulation Data

Welcome to IEEE Visualization 2001! These are the proceedings of the conference being held October 21 -- 26, 2001 in San Diego, California. These days we find that the visualization technologies have permeated almost all facets of human endeavors in science, engineering, medicine, and entertainment and arc undeniably influencing the very quality of our lives. As the ubiquity of visualization has grown over the last few decades, so too has the scope of this conference. This year the conference provides an intellectually stimulating program spanning a diverse set of applications, a rich set of data and information representations, and a variety of algorithms and systems. We see this conference as fulfilling the important mission of providing a forum to promote interaction among researchers, developers, and users of various visualization technologies and applications. This annual Visualization Conference series is sponsored by the IEEE Computer Society's Technical Committee on Visualization and Graphics in cooperation with ACM SIG-GRAPH. We hope that you will find this year's program tightly packed with exciting papers, educational case studies, and thought-provoking panels between the visionary keynote and the capstone sessions.

Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '01

Our goal was to develop and prove the accuracy of a system that would allow us to re-create live patient arterial pathology. Anatomically accurate replicas of blood vessels could allow physicians to teach and practice dangerous interventional techniques and might also be used to gather basic physiologic information. The preparation of replicas has, until now, depended on acquisition of fresh cadaver material. Using rapid prototyping, it should be able to replicate vascular pathology in a live patient. We obtained CT angiographic scan data from two patients with known arterial abnormalities. We took such data and, using proprietary software, created a 3D replica using a commercially available rapid prototyping machine. From the prototypes, using a lost wax technique, we created vessel replicas, placed those replicas in the CT scanner, then compared those images with the original scans. Comparison of the images made directly from the patient and from the replica showed that with each step, the relationships were maintained, remaining within 3% of the original, but some smoothing occurred in the final computer manipulation. From routinely obtainable CT angiographic data, it is possible to create accurate replicas of human vascular pathology with the aid of commercially available stereolithography equipment. Visual analysis of the images appeared to be as important as the measurements. With 64 and 128 slice detector scanners becoming available, acquisition times fall enough that we should be able to model rapidly moving structures such as the aortic root.

Rapid prototyping to create vascular replicas from CT scan data: Making tools to teach, rehearse, and choose treatment strategies

These are the proceedings of the IEEE Visualization 2002 conference held October 30 to November 1,2002 in Boston, Massachusetts. The Visualization conference week actually covers six days, as discussed later, but the contents of this book archive the technical program which occurred the last 3 days of the conference.Visualization technologies have permeated almost all facets of human endeavors in science, engineering, medicine, and entertainment and are undeniably influencing the very quality of our lives. As the ubiquity of visualization has grown over the last few decades, so too has the scope of this conference. This year the conference provides an intellectually stimulating program spanning a diverse set of applications, a rich set of data and information representations, and a variety of algorithms and systems. We see this conference as fulfilling the important mission of providing a forum to promote interaction among researchers, developers, and users of various visualization technologies and applications. This annual Visualization conference series is sponsored by the IEEE Computer Society's Technical Committee on Visualization and Graphics in cooperation with ACM SIGGRAPH. We hope that you will find this year's program tightly packed with xciting papers, educational case studies, and thought-provoking panels between the visionary keynote and the capstone sessions.

Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '02

Discusses how a research and development project called the Tele-Manufacturing Facility is creating an automated rapid prototyping capability on the Internet. We are doing the necessary research and development to make the capability viable for engineers and scientists to use over long distances. Our view of the engineering concept design-production process is given. This model clearly shows the iterative nature of the design process. >

Tele-Manufacturing: rapid prototyping on the Internet

Despite an eager market, the lack of high-performing virtual-reality products at consumer-level prices has relegated entertainment VR applications to something you'd find in an amusement park or still languishing as a prototype. However, the announcement of several new high-performance VR devices aimed at the consumer market suggests that we might soon have more immersive gaming options.

Mike Bailey

Papers

Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '01

Rapid prototyping to create vascular replicas from CT scan data: Making tools to teach, rehearse, and choose treatment strategies

Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '02

Tele-Manufacturing: rapid prototyping on the Internet

Virtual reality for the masses.