Dengue is the disease caused by 1 of 3 distinct, but closely related dengue viruses (DENV-1-4) that are transmitted by Aedes spp. mosquito vectors. It is the most common arboviral disease worldwide, with the greatest burden in tropical and sub-tropical regions. In the absence of effective prevention and control measures, dengue is projected to increase in both disease burden and geographic range. Given its increasing importance as an etiology of fever in the returning traveler or the possibility of local transmission in regions in the United States with competent vectors, as well as the risk for large outbreaks in endemic US territories and associated states, clinicians should understand its clinical presentation and be familiar with appropriate testing, triage, and management of patients with dengue. Control and prevention efforts reached a milestone in June 2021 when the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended Dengvaxia for routine use in children aged 9 to 16 years living in endemic areas with laboratory confirmation of previous dengue virus infection. Dengvaxia is the first vaccine against dengue to be recommended for use in the United States and one of the first to require laboratory testing of potential recipients to be eligible for vaccination. In this review, we outline dengue pathogenesis, epidemiology, and key clinical features for front-line clinicians evaluating patients presenting with dengue. We also provide a summary of Dengvaxia efficacy, safety, and considerations for use as well as an overview of other potential new tools to control and prevent the growing threat of dengue .

https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article-pdf/149/6/e2021055522/1325142/peds_2021055522.pdf

Dengue: A Growing Problem With New Interventions.

http://www.journalofinfection.com/article/S0163445322002110/pdf

Global magnitude of encephalitis burden and its evolving pattern over the past 30 years.

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) devastated the overall health management strategy of most countries. In this scenario, the present study provided insights into the possible impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on dengue infection. This ecological study retrieved data from WHO/Government reporting system from 22 major dengue epidemic countries. Incidence of dengue infections during the pre-COVID-19 time (2015~2019) and COVID-19 period (2020~2021) was compared. A correlation between the dengue and COVID-19 cases and predicted dengue incidence in 2022 was calculated using the linear regression equation. Data indicated that dengue incidences across the studied area decreased by 16% during the pandemic period (2.73 million vs. 2.29 million; p < 0.05) than the same reported in pre-COVID-19 time. Although countries in Latin America reported more cases than Asia, a positive correlation (r = 0.83) between dengue and COVID-19 cases was observed in Asia. Prediction analysis warned that specific preparation for dengue management is needed in some countries of both regions in 2022 to contain the upsurge in incidences. Due to the similar nature of symptoms of dengue and COVID-19, a state of confusion will be prevailing during the ongoing pandemic. Therefore, comprehensive and evidence-based scientific approaches were warranted at all levels.

/pdf/dengue-infections-during-covid-19-period-reflection-of-27r8d74n.pdf

Dengue Infections during COVID-19 Period: Reflection of Reality or Elusive Data Due to Effect of Pandemic

Abstract Aims Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition, with symptoms appearing in the early developmental period. Little is known about its current burden at the global, regional and national levels. This systematic analysis aims to summarise the latest magnitudes and temporal trends of ASD burden, which is essential to facilitate more detailed development of prevention and intervention strategies. Methods The data on ASD incidence, prevalence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 204 countries and territories between 1990 and 2019 came from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The average annual percentage change was calculated to quantify the secular trends in age-standardised rates (ASRs) of ASD burden by region, sex and age. Results In 2019, there were an estimated 60.38 × 10 4 [95% uncertainty interval (UI) 50.17–72.01] incident cases of ASD, 283.25 × 10 5 (95% UI 235.01–338.11) prevalent cases and 43.07 × 10 5 (95% UI 28.22–62.32) DALYs globally. The ASR of incidence slightly increased by around 0.06% annually over the past three decades, while the ASRs of prevalence and DALYs both remained stable over the past three decades. In 2019, the highest burden of ASD was observed in high-income regions, especially in high-income North America, high-income Asia Pacific and Western Europe, where a significant growth in ASRs was also observed. The ASR of ASD burden in males was around three times that of females, but the gender difference was shrunk with the pronounced increase among females. Of note, among the population aged over 65 years, the burden of ASD presented increasing trends globally. Conclusions The global burden of ASD continues to increase and remains a major mental health concern. These substantial heterogeneities in ASD burden worldwide highlight the need for making suitable mental-related policies and providing special social and health services. 

/pdf/global-regional-and-national-burden-of-autism-spectrum-qcl9t5gi.pdf

Global, regional and national burden of autism spectrum disorder from 1990 to 2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common infections worldwide, but little is known about their global scale and long-term trends. We aimed to estimate the spatiotemporal patterns of UTIs' burden along with its attributable risk factors at a global level, as well as the variations of the burdens according to socio-demographic status, regions, nations, sexes, and ages, which may be helpful in guiding targeted prevention and treatment programs. Methods Data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 were analyzed to depict the incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of UTIs in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019 by socio-demographic status, nations, region, sex, and age. Results Globally, 404.61 million cases, 236,790 deaths, and 520,200 DALYs were estimated in 2019. In particular, 2.4 times growth in deaths from 1990 to 2019 was observed, along with an increasing age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) from 2.77/100,000 to 3.13/100,000. Age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) was consistently pronounced in regions with higher socio-demographic index (SDI), which presented remarkable upward trends in ASMR and age-standardized DALY rate (ASDR). In contrast, countries with a low SDI or high baseline burden achieved a notable decline in burden rates over the past three decades. Although the ASIR was 3.6-fold higher in females than males, there was no sex-based difference in ASMR and ASDR. The burden rate typically increased with age, and the annual increasing trend was more obvious for people over 60 years, especially in higher SDI regions. Conclusions The burden of UTIs showed variations according to socio-demographic status, nation, region, sex, and age in the last three decades. The overall increasing burden intimates that proper prevention and treatment efforts should be strengthened, especially in high-income regions and aging societies.

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2022.888205/pdf

Disease burden and long-term trends of urinary tract infections: A worldwide report

Background Dengue is the most prevalent and rapidly spreading mosquito-borne viral disease. We present the global, regional, and national burden of dengue from 1990 to 2019 based on the findings from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injures, and Risk Factors Study 2019 (GBD 2019). Methods Based upon GBD 2019 dengue data on age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized death rate (ASDR) and age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rate, this study estimates and presents annual percentage change (EAPC) to quantify trends over time to assess potential correlates of increased dengue activity such as global travel, and warming. Results Globally from 1990 to 2019, dengue incident cases, deaths and DALYs gradually increased. Those under 5, once accounting for the largest portion of deaths and DALYs in 1990, were eclipsed by those 15-49 years old in 2019. Age standardized incidence (ASIR: EAPC 3.16, 95%CI: 2.90-3.43), death (ASDR: EAPC 5.42, 95%CI: 2.64-8.28), and DALY rates (EAPC 2.31, 95%CI: 2.00-2.62) accelerated most among high-middle and high socio-demographic index (SDI) regions. Southeast Asia and South Asia had most of the dengue incident cases, deaths and DALYs, but East Asia had the fastest rise in ASIR (EAPC 4.57, 95%CI: 4.31, 4.82), while Tropical Latin America led in ASDR (EAPC 11.32, 95%CI: 9.11, 13.58) and age-standardized DALYs rate (EAPC 4.13, 95%CI: 2.98, 5.29). SDI showed consistent bell shape relationship with ASIR, ASDR and age-standardized DALYs rate. Global Land-Ocean Temperature Index and air passenger travel metrics were found to be remarkably positively correlated with dengue burden. Conclusions The burden of dengue has become heavier from 1990 to 2019, amidst the three decades of urbanization, warming climates and increased human mobility in much of the world. Southeast Asia and South Asia remain regions of concern, especially in conjunction with the Americas swift rise in dengue burden.

Global burden for dengue and the evolving pattern in the past 30 years.

We describe a repeat SARS-CoV-2 testing model for monitoring and containing outbreaks in a residential community. The analysis is motivated by the Ohio State University (OSU)’s approach to monitoring disease at its Columbus, Ohio campus during the COVID-19 epidemic in autumn 2020. The model is simple, yet flexible enough to accommodate changes in behavior over time and to eliminate bias due to a nonrandom testing scheme. Model parameters are estimated from individual results of weekly SARS-CoV-2 testing of residents. Model output serves several purposes, including estimating the effective reproduction number and monitoring prevalence to help inform isolation and quarantine bed capacity. An extended version of the model is also considered where the residential population (on-campus students) is assumed to interact with another population for whom the testing regime is more relaxed and possibly less frequent (off-campus students or instructional faculty and staff). To illustrate the model application, we analyze both the synthetic data as well as the actual student SARS-CoV-2 testing data collected at OSU Columbus campus.

/pdf/monitoring-sars-cov-2-transmission-and-prevalence-in-4xc3jqvpld.pdf

Mikkel B M Quam

Papers

Global burden for dengue and the evolving pattern in the past 30 years.

Monitoring sars-cov-2 transmission and prevalence in populations under repeated testing