Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

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Modern Applied Statistics With S

Generalized Linear Models (2nd ed.)

8. Subset Selection in Regression (Monographs on Statistics and Applied Probability, no. 40). By A. J. Miller. ISBN 0 412 35380 6. Chapman and Hall, London, 1990. 240 pp. £25.00.

Subset Selection in Regression

Summary
1. Stream ecosystems are increasingly impacted by multiple stressors that lead to a loss of sensitive species and an overall reduction in diversity. A dominant paradigm in ecological restoration is that increasing habitat heterogeneity (HH) promotes restoration of biodiversity. This paradigm is reflected in stream restoration projects through the common practice of re-configuring channels to add meanders and adding physical structures such as boulders and artificial riffles to restore biodiversity by enhancing structural heterogeneity.

2. To evaluate the validity of this paradigm, we completed an extensive evaluation of published studies that have quantitatively examined the reach-scale response of invertebrate species richness to restoration actions that increased channel complexity/HH. We also evaluated studies that used manipulative or correlative approaches to test for a relationship between physical heterogeneity and invertebrate diversity in streams that were not in need of restoration.

3. We found habitat and macroinvertebrate data for 78 independent stream or river restoration projects described by 18 different author groups in which invertebrate taxa richness data in response to the restoration treatment were available. Most projects were successful in enhancing physical HH; however, only two showed statistically significant increases in biodiversity rendering them more similar to reference reaches or sites.

4. Studies manipulating structural complexity in otherwise healthy streams were generally small in scale and less than half showed a significant positive relationship with invertebrate diversity. Only one-third of the studies that attempted to correlate biodiversity to existing levels of in-stream heterogeneity found a positive relationship.

5. Across all the studies we evaluated, there is no evidence that HH was the primary factor controlling stream invertebrate diversity, particularly in a restoration context. The findings indicate that physical heterogeneity should not be the driving force in selecting restoration approaches for most degraded waterways. Evidence suggests that much more must be done to restore streams impacted by multiple stressors than simply re-configuring channels and enhancing structural complexity with meanders, boulders, wood, or other structures.

6. Thematic implications: as integrators of all activities on the land, streams are sensitive to a host of stressors including impacts from urbanisation, agriculture, deforestation, invasive species, flow regulation, water extractions and mining. The impacts of these individually or in combination typically lead to a decrease in biodiversity because of reduced water quality, biologically unsuitable flow regimes, dispersal barriers, altered inputs of organic matter or sunlight, degraded habitat, etc. Despite the complexity of these stressors, a large number of stream restoration projects focus primarily on physical channel characteristics. We show that this is not a wise investment if ecological recovery is the goal. Managers should critically diagnose the stressors impacting an impaired stream and invest resources first in repairing those problems most likely to limit restoration.

/pdf/river-restoration-habitat-heterogeneity-and-biodiversity-a-112ceeyv5h.pdf

River restoration, habitat heterogeneity and biodiversity: a failure of theory or practice?

http://www.biopond.sk/publikacie/MuotkaEtAl2002.pdf

Long-term recovery of stream habitat structure and benthic invertebrate communities from in-stream restoration

In this study we aimed at comparing invertebrate diversity of high altitude lakes and ponds along hierarchical spatial scales. We compared local, among-site, and regional diversity of benthic macro- invertebrates in 25 ponds and 34 lakes in the Tatra Mountains, central Europe. The ponds showed significantly lower local diversity, higher among- site diversity and similar regional diversity than the lakes. The species-area relationships (SAR), habitat heterogeneity, and environmental harshness are assumed as drivers for the local diversity patterns. An ecological threshold separating pond and lake systems emerged at an area of 2 ha, where the SAR pattern changed significantly. Differences in species turnover between these systems were likely driven by greater environmental variability and isolation of the ponds. High altitude ponds neither significantly sup- port greater regional diversity nor higher number of unique taxa than lakes. The higher among-site diver- sity of ponds relative to lakes highlights the relevance of ponds for regional diversity in mountain areas.

/pdf/local-among-site-and-regional-diversity-patterns-of-benthic-4m57hqnpjw.pdf

Local, among-site, and regional diversity patterns of benthic macroinvertebrates in high altitude waterbodies: do ponds differ from lakes?

This study reflects the growing demand for better understanding the response of alpine lake ecosystems to climate forcing. We combined continuous monitoring of water temperature with GIS-derived data, and modeled the lake surface water temperature (LSWT) and ice-cover characteristics of 18 Tatra Mountains lakes against altitude, lake morphometry, and local topography. The general trend in LSWTs was similar across all studied lakes and showed a high degree of coherence over the whole study period. The daily LSWTs were governed primarily by altitude and topographic shading represented by lake-specific total duration of direct solar radiation (TDDSR). Day-to-day variability of LSWTs was controlled mainly by the maximum depth of the lakes. The surface temperature of deeper lakes was more stable than the temperature of shallow ones. Topographic shading appeared to play an important role in the development and duration of ice-cover. Lakes with low TDDSR retained ice-cover longer than well insolated one...

/pdf/surface-water-temperature-and-ice-cover-of-tatra-mountains-m1xjio0hoj.pdf

Surface Water Temperature and Ice Cover of Tatra Mountains Lakes Depend on Altitude, Topographic Shading, and Bathymetry

The information on both the catchment land use and catchment area has the potential to be adopted into the conservation and management of ponds. There have been, however, few attempts to describe the effects of land use acting at various spatial scales on ponds and the studies were restricted to specific categories of ponds. This paper presents a study on 92 ponds distributed over a broad range of environmental conditions in Central Europe. We combined an extensive field survey and a detailed analysis of sediment and water chemistry with GIS-derived data to estimate the relationship between the area of the ponds and the area of their catchments, and to assess the relationship between pond physico-chemical conditions and land use across multiple spatial scales. Relating the area of ponds to the area of their catchments, we found a significant positive relationship (r = 0.72). Considering land use effects on pond conditions, catchment-scale land use was the only significant spatial extent influencing the physico-chemical conditions. Most notably, the proportion of intensively exploited land (arable land, urban areas) in the catchment scale was positively correlated with the deterioration of pond physico-chemical properties. The results of the study suggest that effective conservation of ponds cannot be achieved merely through the management of narrow buffer zones around them but should involve maintenance of less intensive land use within the whole catchment. Moreover, easily accessible catchment-scale GIS data could serve as a decision-support tool for cost-effective management strategies aimed at improving pond physico-chemical conditions.

Ponds and their catchments: size relationships and influence of land use across multiple spatial scales

The decline of species richness with altitude is one of the most obvious patterns in ecology and results from the combination of ecological and evolutionary mechanisms. In harsh high-altitude environments, the effect of altitude usually overrules other environmental variables related to biodiversity. Studies using species richness along altitude gradients in high altitude are relatively numerous for lakes, but not for ponds. However, due to their special features, such as small size, high isolation and regional variability, ponds have been proved to be different systems compared to lakes. In high-altitude waterbodies, species of the family Chironomidae often dominate in benthic invertebrate communities and thus serve as an ideal model to study aquatic community changes along an altitude gradient. However, due to the time-consuming processing and expertise needed to identify the species, chironomids are often excluded from regular surveys. In the present study, we sampled 66 Tatra ponds over a 1100-m altitude gradient for benthic invertebrates, with special attention to chironomids. Out of the total 122 taxa collected, Chironomidae constituted the richest group with 58 taxa, being present in all the study ponds. The most diverse pond supported 13 chironomid taxa, and mean diversity was 6 taxa/pond. While total invertebrate richness decreased with altitude, chironomid richness showed only a weak negative response to altitude. The proportion of total chironomid diversity made up of Tanypodinae and Chironominae subfamilies decreased with altitude, while the opposite trend was recorded for the proportion of Diamesinae and Orthocladiinae.

Milan Novikmec

Papers

Long-term recovery of stream habitat structure and benthic invertebrate communities from in-stream restoration

Local, among-site, and regional diversity patterns of benthic macroinvertebrates in high altitude waterbodies: do ponds differ from lakes?

Surface Water Temperature and Ice Cover of Tatra Mountains Lakes Depend on Altitude, Topographic Shading, and Bathymetry

Ponds and their catchments: size relationships and influence of land use across multiple spatial scales

Weak altitudinal pattern of overall chironomid richness is a result of contrasting trends of subfamilies in high-altitude ponds