世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

Historically, most demographic data for states and substate areas were collected from the long version of the decennial census questionnaire. A “snapshot” of the characteristics of the population on the April 1 census date was available once every 10 years. The long form of the decennial census has been replaced by the American Community Survey (ACS) that has been conducted on an ongoing basis for the entire country since 2005. Instead of a snapshot in which all of the data are gathered at one time, the ACS aggregates data collected over time, making the results more difficult to interpret. However, the ACS data are updated annually.

A practical guide to the American Community Survey (3-year estimates)

This article builds on an existing body of scholarship on historical and intergenerational cultural trauma to elucidate deliberate attempts to eliminate Native Hawaiian cultural practices related to psychoactive drug use and replace them with the foreign (Western) tradition of alcohol use. This action, to instill alcohol as a component of colonial domination, was one example of the resulting assault on cultural identity that has often been overlooked, particularly in relation to transgenerational trauma in the history of Hawai'i and the Hawaiian context. In this article, we argue for the use of the term historical trauma, introduced by Brave Heart, which allows for a more inclusive consideration of the many aspects of trauma. Drawing on literature related both to alcohol use in indigenous Hawaiian society and to the wider historical context of Hawai'i since the late eighteenth century, we endeavor to demonstrate the correlation between the historical trauma experienced by the population and the incidence of alcohol consumption and alcohol use disorder. The article is intended to augment the existing paradigm on cultural trauma as it specifically relates to Hawaiians, and potentially to widen the explanatory power of this paradigm with regard to present-day psychoactive drug use among Hawaiians as well as the implications for treatments.

Indigenous Hawaiian Psychoactive Drug Use: Before European Contact, and after 1778.

This study reports on the drug use outcomes in an efficacy trial of a culturally grounded, school-based, substance abuse prevention curriculum in rural Hawai'i. The curriculum (Ho'ouna Pono) was developed through a series of pre-prevention and pilot/feasibility studies funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, and focuses on culturally relevant drug resistance skills training. The present study used a dynamic wait-listed control group design (Brown, Wyman, Guo, & Pena, 2006), in which cohorts of middle/intermediate public schools on Hawai'i Island were exposed to the curriculum at different time periods over a two-year time frame. Four-hundred and eighty six youth participated in the study. Approximately 90% of these youth were 11 or 12 years of age at the start of the trial. Growth curve modeling over six waves of data was conducted for alcohol, marijuana, cigarettes/e-cigarettes, crystal methamphetamine, and other hard drugs. The findings for alcohol use were contrary to the hypothesized effects of the intervention, but may have been a reflection of a lack equivalence among the cohorts in risk factors that were unaccounted for in the study. Despite this issue, the findings also indicated small, statistically significant changes in the intended direction for cigarette/e-cigarette and hard drug use. The present study compliments prior pilot research on the curriculum, and has implications for addressing Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander health disparities.

An Efficacy Trial of the Ho'ouna Pono Drug Prevention Curriculum: An Evaluation of a Culturally Grounded Substance Abuse Prevention Program in Rural Hawai'i.

https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:03ce7c0/UQ03ce7c0_OA.pdf

Alcohol consumption and consequences in adolescents in 68 low and middle-income countries - a multi-country comparison of risks by sex.

This article provides a literature review of recent programs to prevent alcohol and substance use in Hawaii and Pacific Islander youths. Five programs for alcohol and substance use prevention among Hawaii and Pacific Islander youths were found in peer-reviewed literature. Of these, two focused on Native Hawaiians and/or other Pacific Islanders and three focused on overall youths in Hawaii. The main themes of these programs were increasing cultural pride, character development through personal efficacy and integrity, connecting youth to family and community, and being school- or community-centered. Two studies showed a decrease in substance use, one showed a change in knowledge, and two did not published outcomes. This review highlights a lack of evidence-based culturally appropriate options for preventing substance use by Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander youth. Dialogue about best practices is needed and should be supported through publication of program evaluations.

Alcohol and substance use prevention programs for youth in Hawaii and Pacific Islands: A literature review.

The purpose of this study was to identify community providers' perspectives on risk and protective factors for youth alcohol use in Hawai'i to inform future trainings of providers. A total of 104 providers within communities and prevention organizations in Hawai'i were asked to list risk and protective factors for underage drinking in each of the socioecological levels (individual, family, community, and society). The majority of participants were female (66.3%). Overall, 507 risk and protective factors were listed. There were significantly more risk factors identified (54.8%) than protective factors (45.2%). Participants identified significantly fewer society level risk and protective factors than all other levels. The top three overall themes identified by participants were resources (8.3%), peer influence (7.7%), and family function (6.9%). These results not only provide information about how providers conceptualize substance abuse, but may also indicate that it is necessary to continue training providers in how to identify society level factors influencing individuals' substance use. It is recommended that more research should be conducted with community providers in Hawai'i to understand the attitudes about prevention in the community. Such research may allow for improvements in prevention strategies by providing a larger picture of substance use in the community.

Minami Konishi

Papers

Alcohol and substance use prevention programs for youth in Hawaii and Pacific Islands: A literature review.

Risk and Protective Factors of Alcohol Use Identified by Community Providers and Stakeholders in Hawai'i: Qualitative Data Analysis.