Freedom of design, mass customisation, waste minimisation and the ability to manufacture complex structures, as well as fast prototyping, are the main benefits of additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing. A comprehensive review of the main 3D printing methods, materials and their development in trending applications was carried out. In particular, the revolutionary applications of AM in biomedical, aerospace, buildings and protective structures were discussed. The current state of materials development, including metal alloys, polymer composites, ceramics and concrete, was presented. In addition, this paper discussed the main processing challenges with void formation, anisotropic behaviour, the limitation of computer design and layer-by-layer appearance. Overall, this paper gives an overview of 3D printing, including a survey on its benefits and drawbacks as a benchmark for future research and development.

Additive manufacturing (3D printing): A review of materials, methods, applications and challenges

This paper presents a review of the principal developments in functionally graded materials (FGMs) with an emphasis on the recent work published since 2000. Diverse areas relevant to various aspects of theory and applications of FGM are reflected in this paper. They include homogenization of particulate FGM, heat transfer issues, stress, stability and dynamic analyses, testing, manufacturing and design, applications, and fracture. The critical areas where further research is needed for a successful implementation of FGM in design are outlined in the conclusions. DOI: 10.1115/1.2777164

https://web.mst.edu/~vbirman/papers/Modeling%20and%20Analysis%20of%20FGM_Review_2007.pdf

Modeling and Analysis of Functionally Graded Materials and Structures

One-dimensional carbon nanotubes and two-dimensional graphene nanosheets with unique electrical, mechanical and thermal properties are attractive reinforcements for fabricating light weight, high strength and high performance metal-matrix composites. Rapid advances of nanotechnology in recent years enable the development of advanced metal matrix nanocomposites for structural engineering and functional device applications. This review focuses on the recent development in the synthesis, property characterization and application of aluminum, magnesium, and transition metal-based composites reinforced with carbon nanotubes and graphene nanosheets. These include processing strategies of carbonaceous nanomaterials and their composites, mechanical and tribological responses, corrosion, electrical and thermal properties as well as hydrogen storage and electrocatalytic behaviors. The effects of nanomaterial dispersion in the metal matrix and the formation of interfacial precipitates on these properties are also addressed. Particular attention is paid to the fundamentals and the structure–property relationships of such novel nanocomposites.

Recent progress in the development and properties of novel metal matrix nanocomposites reinforced with carbon nanotubes and graphene nanosheets

Stimulus-responsive shape memory materials: A review

https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=924709

3D printing using concrete extrusion: A roadmap for research

Three-dimensional (3D) printing (also known as additive manufacturing) is an advanced manufacturing process that can produce complex shape geometries automatically from a 3D computer-aided design m...

/pdf/3d-printing-trends-in-building-and-construction-industry-a-1roe8r8geg.pdf

3D printing trends in building and construction industry: a review

Dynamic recrystallization (DRX) characteristics of a Mg/3Al/1Zn (AZ31) alloy sheet were investigated at temperatures ranging from 200� /450 8C and constant strain rates of 1/10 4 � /2/10 4 s 1 . The average grain size of the as-received alloy was 12 mm and can be refined to 6 mm via deformation at 250 8C, 1/10 4 s 1 to a strain level of 60%. Grain refinement was less effectiv ea t higher temperatures due to rapid grain growth. The grain refinement was attributed to dynamic continuous recrystallization which involves progressive increase in grain boundary misorientation and conversion of low angle boundaries into high angle boundaries. During DRX, subgrains were developed through the conversion of dislocation cell walls into subgrain boundaries. The presence of precipitates was not essential for dynamic recrystallization in the magnesium alloy being investigated because of its limited slip systems, low stacking fault energy and high grain boundary diffusion rate. # 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Dynamic continuous recrystallization characteristics in two stage deformation of Mg-3Al-1Zn alloy sheet

Anisotropic mechanical performance of 3D printed fiber reinforced sustainable construction material

https://dr.ntu.edu.sg/bitstream/10356/88890/1/Fresh%20and%20hardened%20properties%20of%203D%20printable%20cementitious%20materials%20for%20building%20and%20construction.pdf

Fresh and hardened properties of 3D printable cementitious materials for building and construction

Buckling behavior of single-walled and multiwalled carbon nanotubes is studied under axial compression in this work. Brenner's ``second generation'' empirical potential is used to describe the many-body short-range interatomic interactions for single-walled carbon nanotubes, while the Lennard Jones model for the van der Waals potential is added for multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Single-, two-, three-, and four-walled nanotubes are considered in the simulations in order to examine the effects of the number of layers on the structural properties of the multiwalled nanotubes. Results indicate that there exists an optimum diameter for single-walled nanotubes at which the buckling load reaches its maximum value. The buckling load increases rapidly with the increase of the diameter up to the optimum diameter. A further increment beyond this diameter results in a slow decline in buckling load until a steady value is reached. The effects of layers on the buckling load of multiwalled nanotubes are also examined.

Ming Jen Tan

Papers

3D printing trends in building and construction industry: a review

Dynamic continuous recrystallization characteristics in two stage deformation of Mg-3Al-1Zn alloy sheet

Anisotropic mechanical performance of 3D printed fiber reinforced sustainable construction material

Fresh and hardened properties of 3D printable cementitious materials for building and construction

Nanomechanics of single and multiwalled carbon nanotubes