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An Introduction To Medicinal Chemistry

La presencia de residuos de medicamentos veterinarios en alimentos es una preocupacion creciente para consumidores y para entes reguladores internacionales. Los limites maximos de residuos (LMR) en tejidos comestibles de origen animal son establecidos a partir del desarrollo de metodos analiticos. Se efectuo la validacion del metodo de deteccion de ciprofloxacina (CFX), enrofloxacina (EFX) y balofloxacina (BFX) en musculo de pollos parrilleros por extraccion en fase liquida y determinacion simultanea por cromatografia liquida de alta presion (HPLC). Las muestras se homogenizaron y se adicionaron inicialmente con los antimicrobianos, luego se extrajeron con diclorometano dos veces. Estas fluoroquinolonas fueron cuantificadas por HPLC, deteccion por fluorescencia a 295 nm de excitacion y 500 nm de emision. El ensayo fue linear entre 0.001 y 0.1 µg/g. Los limites de cuantificacion fueron 0.0119 µg/g para EFX, 0.0436 µg/g BFX y 0.0557 µg/g para CFX. Los indices de recuperabilidad de los metabolitos en musculo, entre 0.01 y 0.1 ug/g, calculados comparando las muestras inicialmente adicionadas contra muestras de musculo con incorporacion de los antimicrobianos luego del procesado, promediaron los 77.47% para EFX, 87.7% para CFX y 96.67% para BFX. Los extractos eluidos no presentaron interferencias de la matriz biologica y tuvieron buena resolucion de los analitos en los cromatogramas. Los LMR son establecidos a partir de los factores de riesgo, ensayos toxicologicos pertinentes y metodos de deteccion desarrollados y validados, los cuales deben ser factibles de implementacion. Este es un metodo simple y economico para cuantificar la presencia simultanea de CFX, EFX y BFX en musculo de pollo.

Cuantificación simultánea de ciprofloxacina, enrofloxacina y balofloxacina en músculo de pollo parrillero

Summary Objectives The pharmaceutical industry and the National Regulatory Authorities (NRAs) are now focusing on the dissolution of multi-component drugs for quality control testing and predicting in vivo results to further consolidation of the biowaiver concept. The mixed formulation of Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CIP) and Metronidazole (MET) have been used as a model for simultaneous determination and obtaining in vitro dissolution profiles by using green analysis method namely (UV-CWT(Db4, a=490)). Material and methods The proposed method (UV-CWT(Db4, a=490)) includes UV detection combined with Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) with Daubechies family and the order of fourth at the scaling factor (a = 490) has been used and validated for analyzing and obtaining the dissolution profiles of the fixed-dose combination (CIP-MET). Results The proposed method (UV-CWT(Db4, a=490)) has been validated effectively in accordance with ICH rules, regarding linearity, specificity, rigor, and preciseness of the working range (3.0–16.0 μg/mL) for both (CIP) and (MET), respectively. As well as figures of merit were concluded. The dissolution profiles of CIP-MET tablets were acquired by the proposed (UV-CWT (Db4, a=490)) and HPLC reported methods were conveniently compared using the indicators f1 and f2 (“difference” and “similarity”) the results ensured that there were no statistically differences between the methods. In addition, the green assessment tool, namely analytical eco-scale, evaluated and compared the greenness of the suggested method (UV-CWT(Db4, a=490)) and HPLC reported one. Conclusion The suggested process (UV-CWT(Db4, a=490)) was considered as an excellent green, rapid, accurate, economical and minimum-steps method for simultaneously resolve and construct the dissolution curves of a fixed-dose combination drug (CIP-MET) in a short time and without the use of organic solvents, enabling significant labor and resource savings.

Evaluation of assay and in-vitro dissolution profile of certain fixed-dose combination using green analytical method.

The present study involves detecting and determining CIP by a new electrochemical sensor based on graphene (Gr) in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) employing voltammetric techniques. Surface morphology studies of the sensing material were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM). In the electroanalysis of CIP at the developed electrode, an enhanced anodic peak response was recorded, suggesting the electro-oxidation of CIP at the electrode surface. Furthermore, we evaluated the impact of the electrolytic solution, scan rate, accumulation time, and concentration variation on the electrochemical behavior of CIP. The possible electrode mechanism was proposed based on the acquired experimental information. A concentration variation study was performed using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) in the lower concentration range, and the fabricated electrode achieved a detection limit of 2.9 × 10−8 M. The proposed sensor detected CIP in pharmaceutical and biological samples. The findings displayed good recovery, with 93.8% for tablet analysis and 93.3% to 98.7% for urine analysis. The stability of a developed electrode was tested by inter- and intraday analysis.

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Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate–Mediated Graphene Sensor for Electrochemical Detection of the Antibiotic Drug: Ciprofloxacin

Effects of heavy metals on the adsorption of ciprofloxacin on polyethylene microplastics: Mechanism and toxicity evaluation.

Ciprofloxacin is a second generic and an antibiotic generic drug. It is a very popular fluoroquinolone that can treat a number of bacterial infections. The quinolones are family or a group that has activity against both-negative and positive-gram bacteria, when compared to Ciprofloxacin. The first aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive update of analytical methods for determining the Ciprofloxacin and its combinations, binary or triple mixture use of endodontic treatment of primary teeth using a combination of antibacterial drugs. The other aim of this review is to evaluate clinical and radiographic success of the endodontic treatment of infected primary teeth using a combination of ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, minocycline, and clindamycin. Several methods were used in the analytical determination of Ciprofloxacin and its metabolites in human biological fluids (plasma) and in pharmaceutical preparations. various techniques have been reported, such as UV, TLC, GC-Mass, HPLC and RP-HPLC methods, for the determination of Ciprofloxacin alone and in its combinations by high performance liquid chromatography and reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography. This review provides details on separation conditions for Ciprofloxacin alone and its combinations.

Analytical Methods of Ciprofloxacin and its Combinations Review

/pdf/novel-rapid-validated-tlc-densitometry-for-the-simultaneous-ulp1uouedn.pdf

Mohammad Marouf

Papers

Analytical Methods of Ciprofloxacin and its Combinations Review

Novel Rapid Validated TLC- Densitometry for the Simultaneous Determination of Three Co-formulated Drugs used for Deep Tooth Inflammation Treatment