Oxidation of Metals and Alloys By Dr. O. Kubaschewski and B. E. Hopkins. Pp. xv + 239. (London: Butterworths Scientific Publications, Ltd.; New York: Academic Press, Inc., 1953.) 35s. net.

The Oxidation of Metals

The sol-gel process

Aluminum metal is a high-energy-density carrier with low cost, and thus endows rechargeable aluminum batteries (RABs) with the potential to act as an inexpensive and efficient electrochemical device, so as to supplement the increasing demand for energy storage and conversion. Despite the enticing aspects regarding cost and energy density, the poor reversibility of electrodes has limited the pursuit of RABs for a long time. Fortunately, ionic-liquid electrolytes enable reversible aluminum plating/stripping at room temperature, and they lay the very foundation of RABs. In order to integrate with the aluminum-metal anode, the selection of the cathode is pivotal, but is limited at present. The scant option of a reliable cathode can be accounted for by the intrinsic high charge density of Al3+ ions, which results in sluggish diffusion. Hence, reliable cathode materials are a key challenge of burgeoning RABs. Herein, the main focus is on the insertion cathodes for RABs also termed aluminum-ion batteries, and the recent progress and optimization methods are summarized. Finally, an outlook is presented to navigate the possible future work.

Paving the Path toward Reliable Cathode Materials for Aluminum-Ion Batteries.

Metallic interconnects for solid oxide fuel cell: A review on protective coating and deposition techniques

https://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/218676/local_218676.pdf

The effect of temperature on chromium vaporization and oxide scale growth on interconnect steels for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Evaluation of the oxidation and Cr evaporation properties of selected FeCr alloys used as SOFC interconnects

Breakaway oxidation of alloy 304L at 600 degrees C was studied in four environments (O-2 + H2O + KCl, O-2 + H2O + SO2 + KCl, H-2 + H2O + Ar, O-2 + K2CO3) for up to 168 h. The resulting scales were investigated by FIB/SEM, SEM/EDX, STEM/EELS, STEM/EDS and oxidation was elucidated by thermodynamic calculations (Thermo-Calc). The initial thin protective scale broke down in all cases. After breakaway, the scale consisted of two layers, i.e. an inward growing spinel/reaction zone and an outward growing iron-rich layer. The general features and microstructure of the scales after breakaway were similar in all environments and were explained in terms of: (1) Different diffusivities of Cr3+ and Fe2+ in the spinel oxide. (2) The appearance of a miscibility gap in the FeCr and FeCrNi spinel oxides. (3) The equilibrium composition of the spinel (at low pO(2) Ni is not present in the spinel).

/pdf/oxidation-after-breakdown-of-the-chromium-rich-scale-on-4kugcn2i4e.pdf

Oxidation After Breakdown of the Chromium-Rich Scale on Stainless Steels at High Temperature: Internal Oxidation

High-temperature alloys are crucial to many important technologies that underpin our civilization. All these materials rely on forming an external oxide layer (scale) for corrosion protection. Despite decades of research on oxide scale growth, many open questions remain, including the crucial role of the so-called reactive elements and water. Here, we reveal the hitherto unknown interplay between reactive elements and water during alumina scale growth, causing a metastable ‘messy’ nano-structured alumina layer to form. We propose that reactive-element-decorated, hydroxylated interfaces between alumina nanograins enable water to access an inner cathode in the bottom of the scale, at odds with the established scale growth scenario. As evidence, hydride-nanodomains and reactive element/hydrogen (deuterium) co-variation are observed in the alumina scale. The defect-rich alumina subsequently recrystallizes to form a protective scale. First-principles modelling is also performed to validate the RE effect. Our findings open up promising avenues in oxidation research and suggest ways to improve alloy properties. The crucial interaction between reactive elements and water vapour during the oxide scale growth of alumina-forming alloys is revealed, providing insights to improve corrosion resistance of high-temperature alloys.

Interplay of water and reactive elements in oxidation of alumina-forming alloys

https://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/247875/local_247875.pdf

Mohammad Sattari

Papers

Evaluation of the oxidation and Cr evaporation properties of selected FeCr alloys used as SOFC interconnects

Oxidation After Breakdown of the Chromium-Rich Scale on Stainless Steels at High Temperature: Internal Oxidation

Interplay of water and reactive elements in oxidation of alumina-forming alloys

Co- and Ce/Co-coated ferritic stainless steel as interconnect material for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Severe dual atmosphere effect at 600 °C for stainless steel 441