Probiotics and prebiotics associated with aquaculture: A review.

Recent advances in the role of probiotics and prebiotics in carp aquaculture: A review

Prebiotics as immunostimulants in aquaculture: a review.

Importance of prebiotics in aquaculture as immunostimulants. Effects on immune system of Sparus aurata and Dicentrarchus labrax

It is now a well-documented fact that there is a distinct relation between fish nutrition and health status. Intensification of aquaculture practice to meet market demand causes stress and elevates the risk of the disease outbreak. Therefore, provisions of proper diets as well as appropriate feeding regimens are of high importance in intensive aquaculture. Considering the negative impacts raised by prophylactic and therapeutic use of antibiotic in aquaculture, administration of dietary immunostimulant has been suggested as an alternative to antimicrobial agents. In this sense, functional dietary supplements, including pre-, pro- and synbiotic received increasing attention as an environment-friendly strategy for improving fish health. During the past years, administration of prebiotics in the diet of different fish species revealed promising results in immune response. In the present review article, the topic of the administration of dietary prebiotics in aquaculture is addressed with a special focus on re...

Prebiotics and Fish Immune Response: A Review of Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives

This study evaluated the effects of a commercial prebiotic, Immunogen, on feed utilization, growth rate, immunity promotion and carcass composition of the common carp Cyprinus carpio fingerlings. The fingerlings were adopted for 2 weeks and then reared in triplicate groups in 250-l tanks (n = 15 per tank with average initial weights of 11.12 ± 0.55 g). The fish fed on five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic experimental diets containing different levels of Immunogen (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2.5 g prebiotic/kg diet) to apparent satiation thrice a day for 8 weeks. Weight gain showed no differences among the groups fed different Immunogen levels. Both feed efficiency ratio and protein efficiency ratio significantly (p < 0.05) increased with increasing Immunogen levels from 0.5 to 1.5 g/kg diet. The highest protein content (p < 0.05) was found in the fish fed a diet containing 2.5 g/kg prebiotic. Haematological parameters and plasma total protein concentration were also significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the fingerlings fed diets containing 1.5 and 2.5 g/kg prebiotic in relation to the control. The control fish contained the highest mean of total bacterial counts. The lowest mean (p < 0.05) of total bacterial counts was observed in the fish fed the diet containing 2.5 g/kg Immunogen. The present study reveals that a dietary Immunogen supplementation from 1 to 1.5 g/kg is capable to improve the feed efficiency and growth performance of C. carpio fingerlings as well as their resistance to A. hydrophila infection.

Effects of a prebiotic, Immunogen®, on feed utilization, body composition, immunity and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila infection in the common carp Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus) fingerlings.

Background: The present study compared lethal concentrations (LC50- 96 h) of CdCl2, CrCl3, and Pb (NO3)2 between two scaled and scaleless freshwater fish species: Cyprinus carpio (Cyprinidae) and Pangasius hypophthalmus (Pangasiidae). Methods: The experimental fishes were obtained from fish markets/ponds with average lengths and weights of approximately 11.68 ±1.92 and 9.8±1.9 cm, and 25.92±6.3 and 18.61±3.22 g for C. carpio and P. hypophthalmus, respectively. The fishes were exposed to different concentrations of cadmium (Cd) (0, 10, 20, 40, 80, 100, 120, 200 mg L −1 ) lead (Pb) (0, 20, 40, 50, 60, 90, 150 mg L −1 ), and chromium (Cr) (0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 mg L −1 ) for 96 h. Physicochemical parameters, such as dissolved oxygen, pH, and temperature of aquaria as well as mortality rate of the fishes, were monitored daily. Results: The 50% lethal concentrations (LC50-96 h) of CdCl2, CrCl3, and Pb (NO3)2 for P. hypophthalmus were found at 64.89, 7.46, and 48.06 mg L −1 , and those of CdCl 2, CrCl 3, Pb (NO3)2 for C. carpio were detected at 84.8, 17.05, and 77.33 mg L −1 . The ratios of heavy metal toxicity factors (TF) were greater for common carp compared to those for the catfish. Conclusion: Our preliminary findings suggest that common carp C. carpio with higher LC50 (and LC100) values appears to be more tolerant to heavy metals exposure than the catfish (P. hypophthalmus). This may be due to the resistance to the heavy metals through protection from the carp's scaled body versus scaleless body of the catfish.

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Comparison of Lethal Concentrations (LC50-96 H) of Cdcl2, Crcl3, and Pb (NO3)2 in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) and Sutchi Catfish (Pangasius Hypophthalmus)

Biosorption of two concentrations of aflatoxins G1 and G2 (8 and 12 ng ml−1) by the yeast, Candida krucsei PTCC 5295) was evaluated in vitro and in kilka fish meal. A dose of 3% C. krusei reduced G1 to 99.9% and 99.4%. With 3% of C. krusei, G1 declined by 100% at both densities while G2 diminished to 100% and 99.6%. With 3% and 4% of C. krusei together with 2 and 4 ml of aflatoxin suspension in kilka meal, G1 declined to 75.8% and 66.1%, and 95.4% and 81.7%, respectively; G2 decreased to 77.7% and 80.1, and 98.9% and 89.3%, respectively.

Effects of Issatchenkia orientalis (Candida krusei) on aflatoxins in culture media and kilka fish meal

Comparison of cadmium and chromium bioconcentration factors between scaled and scale less fish species: common carp and sutchi (striped) catfish

In the Caspian Sea, the calanoid copepod Acartia clausi , a potential food for fish fry, obtains its carotenoids from plant sources. To determine the effects of microalgal diets containing Isochrysis galbana and Chaetoceros calcitrans on total carotenoids of nauplii, copepodites and adults of A. clausi , they were cultured under three microalgal treatments: I. galbana , C. calcitrans , and a mixture of these microalgae (5000, 15 000 and 30 000 cells/ml). Total carotenoids were measured separately using methanol and ethanol. The highest level of total carotenoids was observed in the copepodites fed 30 000 cells/ml of both C. calcitrans and the microalgal mixture, which were different from nauplii and adults fed 5000 and 15 000 cells/ml ( p ⩽ 0 . 05 ). The nauplii fed I. galbana showed higher total carotenoids than copepodites and adults ( p ⩽ 0 . 05 ). Ethanol and methanol worked differently for carotenoid extraction from A. clausi fed C. calcitrans compared with the other treatments ( p ⩽ 0 . 05 ). These solvents showed dissimilarities with 5000 cells/ml of C. calcitrans and I. galbana , as well as with 30 000 cells/ml of I. galbana and mixed microalgal diets. A mixed microalgal diet of 30 000 cells/ml is recommended for mass production of this species. The use of methanol is suitable for optimized extraction of total carotenoids.

Mohammadkazem Khalesi

Papers

Effects of a prebiotic, Immunogen®, on feed utilization, body composition, immunity and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila infection in the common carp Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus) fingerlings.

Comparison of Lethal Concentrations (LC50-96 H) of Cdcl2, Crcl3, and Pb (NO3)2 in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) and Sutchi Catfish (Pangasius Hypophthalmus)

Effects of Issatchenkia orientalis (Candida krusei) on aflatoxins in culture media and kilka fish meal

Comparison of cadmium and chromium bioconcentration factors between scaled and scale less fish species: common carp and sutchi (striped) catfish

Total carotenoids of the copepod Acartia clausi Giesbrecht, 1889 from the Caspian Sea at different growth stages fed different microalgal diets