The research on entrepreneurship education�entrepreneurial intentions has yielded mixed results. We meta-analyzed 73 studies with a total sample size of 37,285 individuals and found a significant but a small correlation between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intentions (inline image). This correlation is also greater than that of business education and entrepreneurial intentions. However, after controlling for pre-education entrepreneurial intentions, the relationship between entrepreneurship education and post-education entrepreneurial intentions was not significant. We also analyzed moderators, such as the attributes of entrepreneurship education, students' differences, and cultural values. Our results have implications for entrepreneurship education scholars, program evaluators, and policy makers.

The Relationship Between Entrepreneurship Education and Entrepreneurial Intentions: A Meta-Analytic Review

Examines the motivation for achievement as a psychological factor that shapes economic development. Refuting arguments based on race, climate, or population growth, the book instead argues for cultural customs and motivations - especially the motivation for achievement - as the major catalysts of economic growth. Considering the Protestant Reformation, the rise of capitalism, parents' influences on sons, and folklore and children's stories as shaping cultural motivations for achievement, the book hypothesizes that a high level of achievement motivation precedes economic growth. This is supported through qualitative analysis of the achievement motive, as well as of other psychological factors - including entrepreneurial behavior and characteristics, and available sources of achievement in past and present highly achieving societies. It is the achievement motive - and not merely the profit motive or the desire for material gain - that has advanced societies economically. Consequently, individuals are not merely products of their environment, as many social scientists have asserted, but also creators of the environment, as they manipulate it in various ways in the search for achievement. Finally, a plan is hypothesized to accelerate economic growth in developing countries, by encouraging and supplementing their achievement motives through mobilizing the greater achievement resources of developed countries. The conclusion is not just that motivations shape economic progress, but that current influences on future people's motivations and values will determine economic growth in the long run. Thus, it is most beneficial for a society to concentrate its resources on creating an environment conducive to entrepreneurship and a strong ideological base for achievement. (CJC)

The Achieving Society

Academic entrepreneurship in Spanish universities: an analysis of the determinants of entrepreneurial intention

Purpose – Postgraduate students who are more mature and have greater job experience are more likely to be inclined towards entrepreneurship. However, postgraduate students face various barriers such as lack of funds, fear of failure and lack of social networking that may hinder their entrepreneurial inclination. The barriers faced by these postgraduate students may also exhibit different dimensions compared with barriers faced by existing entrepreneurs. This study aims to examine the relationship between perceived barriers to entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial inclination.Design/methodology/approach – Based on a survey‐based methodology, data were collected from a sample of 267 postgraduate students from various Malaysian universities. Respondents' perception towards five barriers to entrepreneurship (aversion to risk, fear of failure, lack of resources, lack of social networking, and aversion to stress and hard work) and their entrepreneurial inclination were assessed.Findings – The model R‐squared ind...

Entrepreneurship barriers and entrepreneurial inclination among Malaysian postgraduate students

In the knowledge society, universities have assumed new missions and relations in order to contribute to economic and social development, while preserving their own sustainability. This article aims to explore scientific literature on innovation and entrepreneurship in the academic setting, describing how the field is organized, main terms and definitions, theoretical frameworks, and empirical models, in order to direct future research. A systematic literature review was conducted, in which articles indexed at Web of Science were initially submitted to a bibliometric analysis. Then, the content of a set of articles best fitting the objectives of the study was analyzed. Bibliometric analysis shows an increasing literature, with publications over more than 40 years. There are studies from many disciplines, with those in business and economics prevailing, mainly related to management and originating from the USA and Europe. Content analysis shows a fragmented literature, with definitions not showing a clear relationship between innovation and entrepreneurship, or their use within universities in coherence with their traditional definitions. Both theoretical frameworks and empirical models are very heterogeneous, but four groups of studies were identified based on their theoretical frameworks, and also based on their empirical models. With only a few exceptions, empirical models do not share many components and variables, and there are no clear boundaries between the different models. Despite the increasing literature, it is still fragmented and undertheorized, requiring more systematic and holistic studies, considering both the economic and the social aspects of innovation and entrepreneurship within universities.

Innovation and entrepreneurship in the academic setting: a systematic literature review

Research into the nature, antecedents and effects of university-level entrepreneurship has grown due to the emergence of the university technology transfer phenomenon and the evolution of university's role in national innovation systems and economic development From the literature survey, three research categories for university-level entrepreneurship are identified and examined namely entrepreneurial university, academic entrepreneurship and university technology transfer Then, a framework depicting the relationship of the three research categories is developed and discussed Lastly, recommendations are made for future research and analysis

Categories of university-level entrepreneurship: a literature survey

Interest in entrepreneurship is intense in many parts of the world. For developed economies, entrepreneurial activity (new venture formation) is a means of revitalizing economy, a way of coping with unemployment problems, a potential catalyst and incubator for technological progress, product and market innovation. For economies of developing countries, entrepreneurship is seen as an engine of economic progress, job creation and social adjustment. Thus, small business growth/new business formation is widely encouraged by national economic policies to stimulate economic growth and wealth creation. As Malaysia entered the twenty first century, interest and concerns on the subject of entrepreneurship heightened among others by the government’s enormous funding allocation towards the promotion of entrepreneurship especially for small and medium enterprises, the issue of graduate unemployment which has risen to approximately sixty thousand (60,000) according to a Bernama report and the attitude of current graduates who are seen to be too pampered and dependent on the government and private organizations for employment. It is time to further examine whether our existing university students are inclined towards entrepreneurship. This study investigates the degree to which UNITAR students are inclined towards entrepreneurship. 361 students from three faculties at both graduate and undergraduate levels were surveyed to examine their entrepreneurial inclination and also to look into the relationship between certain psychological characteristics and entrepreneurial inclination. Further analysis is reported and recommendation for future research has been put forth in this paper.

/pdf/relationship-between-psychological-characteristics-and-1m1ayn21vm.pdf

Relationship between psychological characteristics and entrepreneurial inclination: a case study of students at university tun abdul razak (unitar)

This study explored women entrepreneurs who made a change from salaried employment to ownership of small and medium businesses. The study used a convenience sample comprising 153 women started their own businesses. The study focused on; first, the factors that cause women to leave employment for business ownership; second, their personal and entrepreneurial characteristics and; last, the challenges they faced during the transition from salaried employment to business ownership. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed by hand, email and fax. The main factors identified to have spurred women to leave employment for business ownership were a need to achieve personal growth, independence and the economic payoff. Passion for the business, listening and communication skills, and self discipline were among the most common personal skills. The prime entrepreneurial skills that were indicated include confidence, leadership, creative thinking in problem solving, being efficient and effective in executing plans, entrepreneurial and business knowledge, being analytical, balancing skills between personal and business life, and flexibility. The challenges faced by the respondents were a shortage of professional staff, shortage of general staff, issues of development and growth, financial constraints due to high overheads and a lack of consultation advice from experts.

https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/1290568.pdf

Women Entrepreneurs: Making A Change from Employment to Small and Medium Business Ownership☆

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to postulate, in addition to “moral” and “strategic” considerations, a third general standard for corporate social responsibility (CSR). That third approach is what moral philosophers call “virtue ethics.” Design/methodology/approach – This paper uses a single organization case study of a Malaysian publisher to put forward the practice of virtuous CSR based on Islamic values and principles in a family business. Findings – By focussing on creating or maintaining virtuous habits in the family and the firm, the family business has avoided the equally unrealistic notions that CSR must be entirely selfless or entirely strategic to be legitimate. Virtues that foster a successful strategy such as vision and competence can be enhanced rather than hindered by virtues such as integrity and generosity. Research limitations/implications – This is a case study of a single family. Nevertheless, this paper has implications for strategy and CSR for non-family business as well becaus...

Virtuous CSR: an Islamic family business in Malaysia

As Malaysia entered the twenty first century, interest in and concerns about the subject of entrepreneurship were heightened by, among other things, the government’s enormous funding allocation for the promotion of entrepreneurship especially for small and medium enterprises; the issue of graduate unemployment; and the attitude of current graduates who were seen to be too pampered and dependent on the government and private organizations for employment. This study investigated the degree to which UNITAR students are inclined towards entrepreneurship. 234 students from three faculties were surveyed to examine their entrepreneurial inclination and also to examine the relationship between their demographic and social characteristics with entrepreneurial inclination. The study found a strong entrepreneurial inclination among the students of UNITAR. Further analysis and other findings are reported and recommendations for future research are put forth in this paper.

Mohar Yusof

Papers

Categories of university-level entrepreneurship: a literature survey

Relationship between psychological characteristics and entrepreneurial inclination: a case study of students at university tun abdul razak (unitar)

Women Entrepreneurs: Making A Change from Employment to Small and Medium Business Ownership☆

Virtuous CSR: an Islamic family business in Malaysia

Entrepreneurial inclination of university students: a case study of students at tun abdul razak university (unitar)