Application and modification of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membranes – A review

The controversy related to the environment pollution is increasing in human life and in the eco-system. Especially, the water pollution is growing rapidly due to the wastewater discharge from the industries. The only way to find the new water resource is the reuse of treated wastewater. Several remediation technologies are available which provides a convenience to reuse the reclaimed wastewater. Heavy metals like Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cd, Hg, etc. contributes various environmental problems based on their toxicity. These toxic metals are exposed to human and environment, the accumulation of ions takes place which causes serious health and environmental hazards. Hence, it is a major concern in the environment. Due to this concern, the significance of developing technology for removing heavy metals has been increased. This paper contributes the outline of new literature with two objectives. First, it provides the sketch about treatment technologies followed by their heavy metal capture capacity from industrial effluent. The treatment performance, their remediation capacity and probable environmental and health impacts were deliberated in this review article. Conclusively, this review paper furnishes the information about the important methods incorporated in lab scale studies which are required to identify the feasible and convenient wastewater treatment. Moreover, attempts have been made to confer the emphasis on sequestration of heavy metals from industrial effluent and establish the scientific background for reducing the discharge of heavy metals into the environment.

Efficient techniques for the removal of toxic heavy metals from aquatic environment: A review

Background Food processing produces large quantities of by-products. Disposal of waste can lead to environmental and human health problems, yet often they can be turned into high value, useful products. For example, crustacean shell wastes from shrimp, crab, lobster, and krill contain large amounts of chitin, a polysaccharide that may be extracted after deproteinisation and demineralization of the exoskeletons. Scope and approach This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of these crustacean shellfish wastes and the various ways to use chitin. This biopolymer and its derivatives, such as chitosan, have many biological activities (e.g., anti-cancer, antioxidant, and immune-enhancing) and can be used in various applications (e.g., medical, cosmetic, food, and textile). Key findings and conclusions Due to the huge waste produced each year by the shellfish processing industry and the absence of waste management which represent an environmental hazard, the extraction of chitin from crustaceans’ shells may be a solution to minimize the waste and to produce valuable compound which possess biological properties with application in many fields. As a food waste, it is important to also be aware of the non-food uses of these wastes.

Industrial applications of crustacean by-products (chitin, chitosan, and chitooligosaccharides): A review

Multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) is considered as a complex decision-making (DM) tool involving both quantitative and qualitative factors. In recent years, several MCDM techniques and approaches have been suggested to choosing the optimal probable options. The purpose of this article is to systematically review the applications and methodologies of the MCDM techniques and approaches. This study reviewed a total of 393 articles published from 2000 to 2014 in more than 120 peer reviewed journals (extracted from Web of Science). According to experts’ opinion, these articles were grouped into 15 fields. Furthermore, these articles were categorised based on authors, publication date, name of journals, methods, tools, and type of research (MCDM utilising research, MCDM developing research, and MCDM proposing research). The results of this study indicated that in 2013 scholars have published articles more than in other years. In addition, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method in the individual tool...

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Multiple criteria decision-making techniques and their applications – a review of the literature from 2000 to 2014

This review will explore the influences of the active metal, support, promoter, preparation methods, calcination temperature, reducing environment, particle size and reactor choice on catalytic activity and carbon deposition for the dry reforming of methane Bimetallic (Ni−Pt, Ni−Rh, Ni−Ce, Ni−Mo, Ni−Co) and monometallic (Ni) catalysts are preferred for dry reforming compared to noble metals (Rh, Ru and Pt) due to their low-cost Investigation of support materials indicated that ceria−zirconia mixtures, ZrO2 with alkali metals (Mg2+, Ca2+, Y2+) addition, MgO, SBA-15, ZSM-5, CeO2, BaTiO3 and Ca08Sr02TiO3 showed improved catalytic activities and decreased carbon deposition The modifying effects of cerium (Ce), magnesium (Mg) and yttrium (Y) were significant for dry reforming of methane MgO, CeO2 and La2O3 promoters for metal catalysts supported on mesoporous materials had the highest catalyst stability among all the other promoters Preparation methods played an important role in the synthesis of smaller particle size and higher dispersion of active metals Calcination temperature and treatment duration imparted significant changes to the morphology of catalysts as evident by XRD, TPR and XPS Catalyst reduction in different environments (H2, He, H2/He, O2/He, H2−N2 and CH4/O2) indicated that probably the mixture of reducing agents will lead to enhanced catalytic activities Smaller particle size (

Dry reforming of methane: Influence of process parameters—A review

Application of membrane bioreactor technology in treating high strength industrial wastewater: a performance review.

Membrane bioreactor: Applications and limitations in treating high strength industrial wastewater

The global threat caused by increasing surface temperature has led to negative climate changes. One of the greenhouse gases responsible for this global warming is methane. It is emitted naturally and anthropogenically from different sources and its concentration in the atmosphere has assumed alarming proportions. Its devastating consequences on climate change and atmospheric chemistry have made it to be a focus of intense scrutiny and study. The anthropogenic sources of its emissions are generally grouped under three sectors of agriculture, energy and waste. The past emission trends of methane from these sectors are investigated through their sources while mitigation and abatement strategies are suggested. It is observed that the agricultural sector emits the highest amount of methane, followed by the energy and waste sectors, respectively.

Methane emission by sectors: A comprehensive review of emission sources and mitigation methods

Uncontrolled emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) to the atmosphere leads to climate change. One of the key contributors in GHG emission is municipal solid waste. Increasing population and rapid urbanisation in Malaysia directly influence MSW generation that has increased from 5.6 million tonnes in 1997 to more than 8 million tonnes in 2010 with a projection of more than 9 million tonnes by 2020. There are 6 operational sanitary landfills out of the 104 in operation in Peninsular Malaysia with five of them recovering methane. With a biodegradable component of more than 60%, MSW landfills are potential sources of cheaper and cleaner landfill gas (LFG). 310,225 t of methane were emitted from the MSW landfills in 2010 with carbon credit potential of US$85.93 million and can yield 2.20×109 kW h of electricity valued at US$219.50 million. Emission projections were made for the years 2015 and 2020. The analysis points to a very promising and viable resource utilisation potential that will be of economic and environmental benefits. It will also create job opportunities for the local community. The use of this LFG will provide the means for overall GHG reductions and boost the efforts to achieve sustainable development.

An overview for energy recovery from municipal solid wastes (MSW) in Malaysia scenario

Aluminum sulfate (alum), ferrous sulfate, ferric chloride and ferric chloro-sulfate were commonly used as coagulants. However, a possible link of Alzheimer’s disease with conventional aluminium based coagulants has become an issue in wastewater treatment. Hence, special attention has shift towards using biodegradable polymer, chitosan in treatment, which are more environmental friendly. Moreover, chitosan is natural organic polyelectrolyte of high molecular weight and high charge density which obtained from deacetylation of chitin. Experiments were carried out on textile industry wastewater by varying the operating parameters, which are chitosan dosage, pH and mixing time in order to study their effect in flocculation process by using chitosan. The results obtained proved that chitosan had successfully flocculated the anionic suspended particles and reduce the levels of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and turbidity in textile industry wastewater. The optimum conditions for this study were at 30 mg/l of chitosan, pH 4 and 20 minutes of mixing time with 250 rpm of mixing rate for 1 minute, 30rpm of mixing rate for 20 minutes and 30 minutes of settling time. Moreover, chitosan showed the highest performance under these conditions with 72.5% of COD reduction and 94.9% of turbidity reduction. In conclusion, chitosan is an effective coagulant, which can reduce the level of COD and turbidity in textile industry wastewater

Mohd Ariffin Abu Hassan

Papers

Application of membrane bioreactor technology in treating high strength industrial wastewater: a performance review.

Membrane bioreactor: Applications and limitations in treating high strength industrial wastewater

Methane emission by sectors: A comprehensive review of emission sources and mitigation methods

An overview for energy recovery from municipal solid wastes (MSW) in Malaysia scenario

Coagulation and flocculation treatment of wastewater in textile industry using chitosan