The Transmission Control Protocol.

Cyber-attacks are becoming more sophisticated and thereby presenting increasing challenges in accurately detecting intrusions. Failure to prevent the intrusions could degrade the credibility of security services, e.g. data confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Numerous intrusion detection methods have been proposed in the literature to tackle computer security threats, which can be broadly classified into Signature-based Intrusion Detection Systems (SIDS) and Anomaly-based Intrusion Detection Systems (AIDS). This survey paper presents a taxonomy of contemporary IDS, a comprehensive review of notable recent works, and an overview of the datasets commonly used for evaluation purposes. It also presents evasion techniques used by attackers to avoid detection and discusses future research challenges to counter such techniques so as to make computer systems more secure.

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Survey of intrusion detection systems: techniques, datasets and challenges

Background
Although a vaccine could be available as early as 2016, vector control remains the primary approach used to prevent dengue, the most common and widespread arbovirus of humans worldwide. We reviewed the evidence for effectiveness of vector control methods in reducing its transmission.

Methodology/Principal Findings
Studies of any design published since 1980 were included if they evaluated method(s) targeting Aedes aegypti or Ae. albopictus for at least 3 months. Primary outcome was dengue incidence. Following Cochrane and PRISMA Group guidelines, database searches yielded 960 reports, and 41 were eligible for inclusion, with 19 providing data for meta-analysis. Study duration ranged from 5 months to 10 years. Studies evaluating multiple tools/approaches (23 records) were more common than single methods, while environmental management was the most common method (19 studies). Only 9/41 reports were randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Two out of 19 studies evaluating dengue incidence were RCTs, and neither reported any statistically significant impact. No RCTs evaluated effectiveness of insecticide space-spraying (fogging) against dengue. Based on meta-analyses, house screening significantly reduced dengue risk, OR 0.22 (95% CI 0.05–0.93, p = 0.04), as did combining community-based environmental management and water container covers, OR 0.22 (95% CI 0.15–0.32, p 0.5), but insecticide aerosols (OR 2.03; 95% CI 1.44–2.86) and mosquito coils (OR 1.44; 95% CI 1.09–1.91) were associated with higher dengue risk (p = 0.01). Although 23/41 studies examined the impact of insecticide-based tools, only 9 evaluated the insecticide susceptibility status of the target vector population during the study.

Conclusions/Significance
This review and meta-analysis demonstrate the remarkable paucity of reliable evidence for the effectiveness of any dengue vector control method. Standardised studies of higher quality to evaluate and compare methods must be prioritised to optimise cost-effective dengue prevention.

Author Summary
Dengue fever has increased dramatically over the past 50 years and today is the most widespread mosquito-borne arboviral disease, affecting nearly half the world’s population in 128 countries. Until the arrival of a vaccine, control of its Aedes vectors has been the only method to prevent dengue infection. With dengue outbreaks occurring at increasing frequency and intensity, we undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature, to evaluate the evidence for effectiveness of vector control strategies currently available. Forty-one studies (from 5 months to 10 years duration) were included in the review. Most studies investigated combinations of approaches but only 9 studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Remarkably, no RCTs evaluated effectiveness against dengue of insecticide space-spraying (outdoor fogging), the main response to dengue outbreaks used worldwide. Nevertheless, there was limited evidence indicating that house screening and to a lesser extent, community-based environmental management with water container covers could reduce risk of dengue infection. However, skin repellents, bed nets and mosquito traps had no effect while insecticide aerosols and mosquito coils were associated with higher dengue risk. However, the quality of the few studies eligible for inclusion was poor overall, and the evidence base is very weak, compromising the knowledge base for making recommendations on delivery of appropriate and effective control. Given this paucity of reliable evidence, standardised studies of higher quality must now be a priority.

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Is Dengue Vector Control Deficient in Effectiveness or Evidence?: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

One of the goals of smart environments is to improve the quality of human life in terms of comfort and efficiency. The Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm has recently evolved into a technology for building smart environments. Security and privacy are considered key issues in any real-world smart environment based on the IoT model. The security vulnerabilities in IoT-based systems create security threats that affect smart environment applications. Thus, there is a crucial need for intrusion detection systems (IDSs) designed for IoT environments to mitigate IoT-related security attacks that exploit some of these security vulnerabilities. Due to the limited computing and storage capabilities of IoT devices and the specific protocols used, conventional IDSs may not be an option for IoT environments. This article presents a comprehensive survey of the latest IDSs designed for the IoT model, with a focus on the corresponding methods, features, and mechanisms. This article also provides deep insight into the IoT architecture, emerging security vulnerabilities, and their relation to the layers of the IoT architecture. This work demonstrates that despite previous studies regarding the design and implementation of IDSs for the IoT paradigm, developing efficient, reliable and robust IDSs for IoT-based smart environments is still a crucial task. Key considerations for the development of such IDSs are introduced as a future outlook at the end of this survey.

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Intrusion detection systems for IoT-based smart environments: a survey

/pdf/network-intrusion-detection-an-analyst-s-handbook-56wcp68j2p.pdf

Network Intrusion Detection: An Analyst’s Handbook

Using Data Mining Algorithms for Developing a Model for Intrusion Detection System (IDS)

Radio-over-free-space optics (Ro-FSO) technology harnesses the large capacity of optical fiber and the mobility native to wireless networks. To increase the capacity of Ro-FSO networks, this work introduces a new optical mode division multiplexing (MDM) scheme for Ro-FSO by incorporating optical Hermite-Gaussian modes HG 0, 1 and HG 0, 3 for transmitting two distinct 2.5 Gbps data modulated on 10 GHz radio subcarriers. Signal-to-noise ratios and biterror-rates show successful 2 × 2.5Gbps data transmission of 10GHz radio-modulated subcarriers over the two HG optical carriers through a 800m free-space channel.

5Gbps HG 0,1 and HG 0,3 optical mode division multiplexing for RoFSO

Explicit Multicast-Unicast (XCAST) is a complementary protocol of multicast that supports a very large number of small multicast sessions by specifies the destinations as the lust of unicast address explicitly. The usage of the IPv6 protocol creates new challenges such as the quality of service (QoS) mechanisms that are currently supported for the Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) in most implementations are fewer compared to IPv4 and in addition the whole network's behavior is different. By considering IPv6 role in QoS and review the QoS routing mechanisms using by multicast as well as unicast, this paper tries to investigate a proper model for Xcast QoS and proposes protocols on IPv6-based Xcast QoS.

Quality of service performance for Xcast in IPv6 network

Several techniques are used by intruders to hide the track of intrusion in the network. One of these techniques executes by using series of hosts in network (stepping stones chain), which can be detected by using an approach, called Stepping Stone Detection (SSD). However, during all previous years, SSD was only confined to detect this type of intrusion. This paper discusses the using of SSD approach and potential applications in other emerging field by introduce the using of SSD concepts in backdoor attack detection field. This research shows that by using SSD to detect backdoor attack can be gained very low false negative and false positive rates and reduces the scan process time detection.

Detecting backdoor using stepping stone detection approach

Steganography and cryptography are methods in information hiding. Cryptography scrambles the secret message, whereas steganography conceals a secret message in a carrier medium. An audio, video, image, and text can be used as a cover medium for hiding messages in steganography. The final output of steganography is a stego object that is sent to a receiver using a stego key. Suspiciousness of a generated stego text will encourage eavesdroppers to reveal the hidden message from stego text. Having reviewed substitution, injection, and propagation techniques for steganography, this paper discovers that there is a suspicion in the generated stego text. It is also discovered that text steganography using Genetic Algorithm (GA) is less focused by researchers compared to image and audio. Accordingly, this paper proposes that the adoption of GA should be focused in future works to protect stego text from suspiciousness due to the effectiveness and efficiency used in other media. Suspiciousness against stego text is very important in steganography to avoid third parties detecting the existence of secret message.

Mohd Nizam Omar

Papers

Using Data Mining Algorithms for Developing a Model for Intrusion Detection System (IDS)

5Gbps HG 0,1 and HG 0,3 optical mode division multiplexing for RoFSO

Quality of service performance for Xcast in IPv6 network

Detecting backdoor using stepping stone detection approach

An Analysis of Alphabet-based Techniques in Text Steganography