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TL;DR: In this article, a forward model of covariation for vegetated soil is derived by combining two well-established models of active and passive microwave interactions, and the covariation model is inverted to obtain a single-pass observation-driven estimation of active-passive microwave covariation (β) based on multi-channel radiometer and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) scenes.

TL;DR: A physics-based model for the covariation of active and passive microwaves over soil surfaces with vegetation cover is introduced which depends on the scattering and absorption of microwaves by soil and vegetation with different orientations, structures, and water contents.

TL;DR: A data-driven, single-pass retrieval methodology for dual-frequency microwave covariation is proposed and tested on SMAP and Sentinel-1 data and is globally applicable without any empirical or statistical calibration.

TL;DR: A novel attenuation-based retrieval approach is proposed here to globally estimate the gravimetric moisture of vegetation and retrieve information about the amount of water per amount of wet vegetation.

TL;DR: A physics-based active-passive combination of active and passive microwave observations based on Kirchhoff's law of energy conservation is proposed, which allows establishing a physics- based forward model as well as a fully data-driven, single-pass retrieval methodology for active-Passive microwave covariation.