Introduction to Psychology, Vols. 1 & 2.

https://www.exhibit.xavier.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1049&context=sociology_syllabi

101-01-05 Introduction to Sociology

..........................................................................................ii Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................... iii Declaration statement ................................................................................................IV Table of contents .......................................................................................................... v List of tables................................................................................................................. ix List of figures ................................................................................................................ x List of abbreviations ................................................................................................... xi List of appendices ...................................................................................................... xiv Chapter 1: Research overview ................................................................................. 1 1.1 Youth participation in spatial planning ........................................................... 2 1.1.1 The importance of youth participation in spatial planning ...................... 5 1.2 Research problem ............................................................................................ 6 1.3 Research importance ....................................................................................... 7 1.4 Research rationale ........................................................................................... 9 1.5 Research motivation ...................................................................................... 10 1.6 Scope of the study ......................................................................................... 11 1.7 Research objectives and key questions ......................................................... 12 1.8 Methodological framework ........................................................................... 14 1.9 Analytical framework .................................................................................... 15 1.10 Developing a theoretical model ..................................................................... 16 1.11 The layout of the thesis ................................................................................. 17 Chapter 2: Setting the theoretical framework for institutional analysis............ 19 2.

A critical institutionalist analysis of youth participation in Jordan's spatial planning the case of Amman 2025

Mass Communication Review Yearbook, Vol. 1: 1980

Encyclopaedia of modern journalism and mass media , Encyclopaedia of modern journalism and mass media , کتابخانه دیجیتال و فن آوری اطلاعات دانشگاه امام صادق(ع)

Encyclopaedia of Modern Journalism and Mass Media

The involvement of persons in a social enclave cannot be sidelined not to involve certain decisions, roles and duties that have become the social norm acceptable to all societies and communities where there is human interaction and interrelationship, ensuring that the space and emptiness of leadership, co-ordination, distribution and organization is filled with the practice of politics fostering a closely knit connection among people having a particular interest and goal. Political practices occurs from a small scale to a large one encouraging all to be a part of the trend, it could be in a social group, state, institution and elsewhere that deals with the distribution of power and not only having the power and authority but the effectiveness of making people do what is expected, via systems and specialization in meeting set standards and expectations. So many sub political emergent like political parties, pressure groups, civil societies, the organs of government among others in whatever appearance determines the level of growth and development of a specific social order.

Keywords: Audience, Political animal, Political campaign and Local media.

Audience as Political Animal: Local Media and Political Campaign

Mass media provide information for people at large so that there is acceptance of an idea to create interest. Mass media have come to occupy the position of eminence in the world today as it constitutes the nexus that controls the over-all socio-economic and political Development of every society. Without the media which, according to Okunna (2000, p.32), maintain constant flow of vital information for economic growth, national development is Bound to be stagnated or at best be retarded.
Owolabi (2008, p.287) also corroborated this position, adding that progressive policies and decisions are made on the basis of the quality of available information at ones disposal. To policy makers, information and knowledge about the desires of the people are the basic ingredient they need to respond to the opportunities and challenges in their economic and political domain.
The increasing empowerment of western cultural values, including language, philosophy and worldview and the predominance of escalation in the mobility of labor, Information and services has brought about the true worldwide revolution called globalization (Reidhakrishnan, 2004).
The tremendous impact of globalization on the World has thus engendered the entrenchment of the Anglo-American culture with the English language emerging as “a global common language” spoken by more than two billion people of the world today ( Kubota, 2001; Okwudishu, 2003; Adedimeji, 2006a). Like all revolutions, globalization appears to threaten the economic, socio-cultural, linguistic, educational and political independence of all people in the world such that the question that befuddles every nation is that which confronted James Scott who was Lost in the Himalayas, a book he wrote: how can I survive? This question of survival in the global world is central to developing nations among which Nigeria ranks high.
With regard to the general African situation, Omoera (2008) observes That imperialistic structure have compelled most growing democracies in Africa (Nigeria, Ghana, Liberia, Burundi, Cameroun, among others) to tag along established Western democracies in virtually all facets of human endeavour. This portends a possible “arrested” development for most African countries, if not frontally addressed. This, perhaps, also explains why the TV as a form of media production in Nigeria has continued to grapple with the Hydra – headed phenomenon known as media imperialism. Media Imperialism discourse is particularly significant in Nigeria, the continents biggest country in terms of population, and also home to one of Africa’s most vigorous media industries. Nigeria has also traditionally been exposed to American or western media more than many other nations in Africa, aside South African, which in the context of this paper, is regarded as part and parcel of the western/imperialistic media. Media imperialism as a notional framework has been subsumed under the broader umbrella of cultural imperialism. According to White (2001), cultural imperialism has been used as a framework by scholars of different academic backgrounds and persuasions to explain phenomena in the areas of international relations, anthropology, education, sciences, history, literature and sports. He therefore reconsiders the concept of cultural imperialism theory as it relates to communication discipline. White (2001) contends that a review of the international communication literature will reveal different terms such as “media imperialism” (Boyd-Barrett, 1977); “media are American” (Tunstall, 1977); “structural imperialism” (Galtung, 1979); “Cultural synchronization” (Hamelink, 1983); “cultural dependency and domination” (Link, 1984; Mohammadi, 1995); “electronic colonialism” (McPhail, 1987); “communication imperialism” (Sui-Nam Lee, 1988) “Ideological imperialism” and “economic imperialism” (Mattleart, 1994) – all relating to the same basic notion of cultural imperialism. 
Cross-cultural effects of the media have been addressed from a variety of perspectives, including the cultural-imperialism perspective, regarded by its proponents as an extension of older forms of imperialism. The model drawn from this perspective argues that Western values "such as consumerism and individualism expressed implicitly in a variety of media genres as well as directly through advertising were being exported to and decisively altering third world cultural milieux" (Sreberny-Mohammadi 1991:120). Definitions of the term vary from "the use of political and economic power to exalt and spread the values and habits of a foreign culture at the expense of a native culture" (Bullock and Stallybrass 1977:303), to claims that "authentic, traditional and local culture in many parts is being battered out of existence by the dumping of large quantities of slick commercial and media products, mainly from the United States" (Tunstall 1977:57). 
"Cultural imperialism" became a popular trope in the 1960s and 1970s, when most third-world countries were voicing concerns about the one-way flow of information from the North to the South, and were calling for a new "world information order." The theory directly criticized an earlier model, the communications-and-development model, which was dominant in the early 1960s and was in line with then-popular modernization theories. 
This was the period that saw the independence of formerly colonized nations. With independence came concerns for development and survival. Debates about the best routes toward development for the new nations led to ideas of "national development" and "modernization." according to Chin-Chuan Lee (1979), this idea was conceived by American social scientists with the encouragement of the American government, and became popular at a time that saw the political, military, and commercial expansion of America in the world.

Muhammad Kabir Yusuf

Papers

Audience as Political Animal: Local Media and Political Campaign

Scribbles and Comparisons of Cultural Imperialism in Local Media