Vehicular networks are becoming a prominent research field in the intelligent transportation system (ITS) due to the nature and characteristics of providing high-level road safety and optimized traffic management. Vehicles are equipped with the heavy communication equipment which requires a high power supply, on-board computing device, and data storage devices. Many wireless communication technologies are deployed to maintain and enhance the traffic management system. The ITS is capable of providing services to the traffic authorities and precautionary measures to the drivers and passengers. Several methods have been proposed for discussing the security and privacy issues for the vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) and vehicular cloud computing (VCC). They receive a great deal of attention from researchers around the world since they are new technologies, and they can improve road safety and enhance traffic flow by utilizing the vehicles resources and communication system. Firstly, the VANETs are presented, including the basic overview, characteristics, threats, and attacks. The location privacy methodologies are elaborated, which can protect the confidential information of the vehicle, such as the location detail and driver information. Secondly, the trust management models in the VANETs are comprehensively discussed, followed by the comparison of the cryptography and trust models in terms of different kinds of attacks. Then, the simulation tools and applications of the VANETs are discussed, and the evolution is presented from the VANETs to VCC in the vehicular network. Thirdly, the VCC is discussed from its architecture and the security and privacy issues. Finally, several research challenges on the VANETs and VCC are presented. In sum, this survey comprehensively covers the location privacy and trust management models of the VANETs and discusses the security and privacy issues in the VCC, which fills the gap of existing surveys. Also, it indicates the research challenges in the VANETs and VCC.

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Security and privacy in vehicular ad hoc network and vehicle cloud computing : a survey

The Department of Transport in the United Kingdom recorded 25,080 motor vehicle fatalities in 2019. This situation stresses the need for an intelligent transport system (ITS) that improves road safety and security by avoiding human errors with the use of autonomous vehicles (AVs). Therefore, this survey discusses the current development of two main components of an ITS: (1) gathering of AVs surrounding data using sensors; and (2) enabling vehicular communication technologies. First, the paper discusses various sensors and their role in AVs. Then, various communication technologies for AVs to facilitate vehicle to everything (V2X) communication are discussed. Based on the transmission range, these technologies are grouped into three main categories: long-range, medium-range and short-range. The short-range group presents the development of Bluetooth, ZigBee and ultra-wide band communication for AVs. The medium-range examines the properties of dedicated short-range communications (DSRC). Finally, the long-range group presents the cellular-vehicle to everything (C-V2X) and 5G-new radio (5G-NR). An important characteristic which differentiates each category and its suitable application is latency. This research presents a comprehensive study of AV technologies and identifies the main advantages, disadvantages, and challenges.

A Survey of Autonomous Vehicles: Enabling Communication Technologies and Challenges.

The Internet of Things, abbreviated as IoT, is a new networking paradigm composed of wireless and wired networks, geographically distributed and interconnected by a “secured” backbone, essentially, the Internet. It connects billions of heterogeneous devices, called Things, using different communication technologies and provides end-users, all over the world, with a variety of smart applications. IoT constitutes a new evolution for the Internet in terms of diversity, size, and applications. It also invites cybercriminals who exploit IoT infrastructures to conduct large scale, distributed, and devastating cyberattacks that may have serious consequences. The security of IoT infrastructures strongly depends on the security of its wired and wireless infrastructures. Still, the wireless infrastructures are thought to be the most outspread, important, and vulnerable part of IoT. To achieve the security goals in the wireless infrastructures of IoT, it is crucial to have a comprehensive understanding of IoT attacks, their classification, and security solutions in such infrastructures. In this paper, we provide a survey of attacks related to the wireless infrastructures of IoT in general, and to the most used short-range wireless communication technologies in the resource-constrained part of IoT in particular. Namely, we consider Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, ZigBee, and RFID wireless communication technologies. The paper also provides a taxonomy of these attacks based on a security service-based attack classification and discusses existing security defenses and mechanisms that mitigate certain attacks as well as the limitations of these security mechanisms.

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Attacks and Defenses in Short-Range Wireless Technologies for IoT

Determining how to structure vehicular network environments can be done in various ways. Here, we highlight vehicle networks' evolution from vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANET) to the internet of vehicles (IoVs), listing their benefits and limitations. We also highlight the reasons in adopting wireless technologies, in particular, IEEE 802.11p and 5G vehicle-to-everything, as well as the use of paradigms able to store and analyze a vast amount of data to produce intelligence and their applications in vehicular environments. We also correlate the use of each of these paradigms with the desire to meet existing intelligent transportation systems' requirements. The presentation of each paradigm is given from a historical and logical standpoint. In particular, vehicular fog computing improves on the deficiences of vehicular cloud computing, so both are not exclusive from the application point of view. We also emphasize some security issues that are linked to the characteristics of these paradigms and vehicular networks, showing that they complement each other and share problems and limitations. As these networks still have many opportunities to grow in both concept and application, we finally discuss concepts and technologies that we believe are beneficial. Throughout this work, we emphasize the crucial role of these concepts for the well-being of humanity.

Computing Paradigms in Emerging Vehicular Environments: A Review

With the proliferation of embedded technologies and wireless capabilities, today’s vehicles are no longer isolated mechanical machines. They become part of a hyper-connected system -Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)- that has the potential to support multiple levels of autonomy and intelligence improving considerably the safety, efficiency, and sustainability of transportation networks. However, this raises new security issues that make the whole system prone to cybersecurity attacks that threaten both the safety and privacy of all road-users. This article gives a short background tutorial on the main security issues and the different attacks that hinder Intelligent Transport Systems. To enable secure and safe ITS applications, this article provides a comprehensive analysis of existing solutions and highlights their strengths and limitations. Finally, this survey presents key challenges in the field, and discusses recent trends that must be factored in by researchers, implementers, and car manufactures to improve the security of ITS.

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A Survey on the Current Security Landscape of Intelligent Transportation Systems

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are an emerging type of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) with robust applications in intelligent traffic management systems. VANET has drawn significant attention from the wireless communication research community and has become one of the most prominent research fields in intelligent transportation system (ITS) because of the potential to provide road safety and precautionary measures for the drivers and passengers. In this survey, we discussed the basic overview of the VANET from the architecture, communication methods, standards, characteristics, and VANET security services. Second, we presented the threats and attacks and the recent state-of-the-art methods of the VANET security services. Then, we comprehensively reviewed the authentication schemes that can protect vehicular networks from malicious nodes and fake messages. Third, we discussed the latest simulation tools and the performance of the authentication schemes in terms of simulation tools, which was followed by the VANET applications. Lastly, we identified the open research challenges and gave future research directions. In sum, this survey fills the gap of existing surveys and summarizes the latest research development. All the security attacks in VANETs and their related countermeasures are discussed with respect to ensuring secure communication. The authentication schemes and comprehensive applications were introduced and analyzed in detail. In addition, open research challenges and future research directions were issued.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/16/3589/pdf

A Survey of Security Services, Attacks, and Applications for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs).

Recently, vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) embark a great deal of attention in the area of wireless and communication technology and are becoming one of the prominent research areas in the intelligent transportation system (ITS) because they provide safety and precautionary measures to the drivers and passengers, respectively. VANETs are quite different from the mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) in terms of characteristics, challenges, system architecture, and their application. In this paper, we summarize the recent state-of-the-art methods of VANETs by discussing their architecture, security, and challenges. Secondly, we discuss the detailed analysis of security schemes and the possible measures to provide secure communication in VANETs. Then, we comprehensively cover the authentication schemes, which is able to protect the vehicular network from malicious nodes and fake messages. Thus, it provides security in VANETs. Thirdly, we cover the mobility and network simulators, as well as other simulation tools, followed by the performance of authentication schemes. Finally, we discuss the comfort and safety applications of VANETs. In sum, this paper comprehensively covers the entire VANET system and its applications by filling the gaps of existing surveys and incorporating the latest trends in VANETs.

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A Comprehensive Survey on VANET Security Services in Traffic Management System

Traffic incident detection is one of the major research areas of intelligent transportation systems (ITSs). In recent years, many mega-cities suffer from heavy traffic flow and congestion. Therefore, monitoring traffic scenarios is a challenging issue due to the nature and the characteristics of a traffic incident. Reliable detection of traffic incidents and congestions provide useful information for enhancing traffic safety and indicate the characteristics of traffic incidents, traffic violation, driving pattern, etc. This paper investigates the estimation of traffic incident from a hybrid observer (HO) method, and detects a traffic incident by using an improved automatic incident detection (AID) technique based on the lane-changing speed mechanism in the highway traffic environment. First, we developed the connection between vehicles and roadside units (RSUs) by using a beacon mechanism. Then, they will exchange information once the vehicles get access to a wireless medium. Second, we utilized the probabilistic approach to collect the traffic information data, by using a vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) communication. Third, we estimated the traffic incident by using an HO method which can provide an accurate estimation of an event occurring. Finally, in order to detect traffic incident accurately, we applied the probabilistic data collected through V2I communication based on lane-changing speed mechanism. The experimental results and analysis obtained from simulations show that the proposed method outperforms other methods in terms of obtaining a better estimation of traffic incident which agrees well with the theoretical incident, around 30% faster detection of traffic incidents and 25% faster dissipation of traffic congestion. With regard to duration of an incident, the proposed system obtained a better Kaplan–Meier (KM) curve, influenced by the shortest duration of time to clear the traffic incident, in comparison with the other methods.

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An Improved Automatic Traffic Incident Detection Technique Using a Vehicle to Infrastructure Communication

Traffic control strategy plays a significant role in obtaining sustainable objectives because it not only improves traffic mobility but also enhances traffic management systems. It has been developed and applied by the research community in recent years and still offers various challenges and issues that may require the attention of researchers and engineers. Recent technological developments toward connected and automated vehicles are beneficial for improving traffic safety and achieving sustainable goals. There is a need to develop a survey on traffic control techniques, which could provide the recent developments in the traffic control strategy and could be useful in obtaining sustainable goals. This survey presents a comprehensive investigation of traffic control techniques by carefully reviewing existing methods from a new perspective and reviews various traffic control strategies that play an important role in achieving sustainable objectives. First, we present traffic control modeling techniques that provide a robust solution to obtain reasonable traffic and sustainable mobilities. These techniques could be helpful for enhancing the traffic flow in a freeway traffic environment. Then, we discuss traffic control strategies that could be helpful for researchers and practitioners to design a robust freeway traffic controller. Second, we present a comprehensive review of recent state-of-the-art methods on the vehicle design control strategy, which is followed by the traffic control design strategy. They aim to reduce traffic emissions and energy consumption by a vehicle. Finally, we present the open research challenges and outline some recommendations which could be beneficial for obtaining sustainable goals in traffic systems and help researchers understand various technical aspects in the deployment of traffic control systems.

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Muhammad Sameer Sheikh

Papers

A Survey of Security Services, Attacks, and Applications for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs).

A Comprehensive Survey on VANET Security Services in Traffic Management System

Security and privacy in vehicular ad hoc network and vehicle cloud computing : a survey

An Improved Automatic Traffic Incident Detection Technique Using a Vehicle to Infrastructure Communication

A Comprehensive Review on Traffic Control Modeling for Obtaining Sustainable Objectives in a Freeway Traffic Environment