A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0 521 82347 1 hardback ISBN 0 521 53032 6 paperback Contents List of tables page vii Preface to the second edition ix Preface to the first edition xii 1 Why a global language? 1 What is a global language? 3 What makes a global language? 7 Why do we need a global language? 11 What are the dangers of a global language? 14 Could anything stop a global language? 25 A critical era 27 2 Why English? The historical context 29 Origins 30 America 31 Canada 36 The Caribbean 39 Australia and New Zealand 40 South Africa 43 South Asia 46 Former colonial Africa 49 Southeast Asia and the South Pacific 54 A world view 59 v Contents

English as a global language

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영어의 능격성(Ergativity)

语义学引论 = Linguistic Semantics

Linguistic Anthropology: Linguistic diversity

Proverbs: A Handbook

The research discusses the lexical semantics words in lexeme iu (言う) in Japanese, the lexical relation and the meaning feature, which are found of each word in a semantics field. Lexeme iu (言う) is literally interpreted by word ‘say’. In kanji (言う), there are common meaning and derivative meaning (hyponim and synonym) which form a lexical field. The data are taken from kind of sources such as e-newspapers and scientific journals with limitation for lexeme formed by one kanji letter. As the result of research finds lexical field of Iu in lexemes  hanasu, shaberu, kataru, noberu, osharu, tsutaeru, mousu, yobu, tsuku sasou, maneku, benjiru, ronjiru, chikau, chigiru, utau, shou suru, sasayaku, uwasa suru, sakebu, wameku . Lexical field is formed by the lexical relation of synonymy and hyponimy.

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Lexical field of ‘saying’ on japanese lexeme iu

The objective of this study is to find the comparison question sentences between Karonese and English language. The method of this study was Chomsky Theory X bar to discussed the syntax and semantic writes a diagram tree and NP, VP, PP, AP, Adv.P in questions in sentences. It showed that the dominant questions sentences in Karonese use; Wh-Q + NP?. It wrriten 15 times sentences in question. The second position was Wh-Q + NP + C. English has tenses to mention something. It would be different auxiliary when the time in the present, past and future. The second was found that most English questions have the same formula when asking something. The formula used Wh-Q + Aux + S + V + C ? It conclude that there were a different way to arrange questions sentence in Karonese and English language

https://bircu-journal.com/index.php/birle/article/download/468/641

The Comparison Question Sentences Between Karonese and English Language: Teory X-Bar

This paper described the mechanism of valence change in Mandailing language. The concept of valence refers to the number of arguments a verb that serves as a predicate in a clause can present. Changing the valence of verbs in Mandailing through a causative process causes the verbs to experience an increase in valence. This study was included a qualitative descriptive study, in which the method is a study of language typology and the data analyzed based on the problems discussed using the method Agih. The results of the data analysis of this study are presented using an informal method in the form of explanation or exposure using ordinary words or verbal language. The determinants used by this method are the language elements in the Mandailing language. The purpose of this study was to find what types of verbs in the Mandailing language can experience changes in valence, symptoms, and their process of change, and the semantic role of these verbs. The data analysis from this study was obtained through the observation method and the proficient method with informants; based on the results of the analysis, it can be concluded that changes in the valence of the Mandailing language occur mainly in intransitive, transitive, transitive verbs, which are grouped into symptoms that cause valence reduction and valence expansion. This study is also expected to inspire some researchers interested in the mechanism of valence change in Mandailing language, either micro or macro.

/pdf/mechanism-of-valence-change-in-mandailing-language-2cjev1nblf.pdf

Mechanism of Valence Change in Mandailing Language: Linguistics Typology

Batak Toba Language (BTL) is an accusative, ergative and split-S language. It is called accusative because BTL has an active diathesis basic construction. In the BTL, the active diathesis clause is morphologically marked on the verb (head marking) by adding the prefix /ma-/, /maN-/ or zero prefix (occurred in some verbs that can stand without affixes). BTL is categorized ergative, firstly, because in the basic S argument from the intransitive verbs in BTL can be semantically gets the most influence from the verb, and it is also applied as O of intransitive verbs. Secondly, By using treatment parameters S equal to O and different from A in nominal construction. BTL is also categorized as split-S language because the behavior is that the agent-like argument of intransitive verb (Sa) in transitive verbs can be nominalized with /par-/ affixes, while the patient-like arguments of other intransitive patients cannot be nominalized with /par-/ affixes

https://bircu-journal.com/index.php/birle/article/download/755/pdf

Ergativity Case-Marking in Batak Toba Language

This research intends to reveal semantic roles of verbs in Toba Batak language. The comprehension method is used in data collection. In doing data research, the method of matching and distribution is used. The distribution method is used with basic techniques like techniques for immediate constituents and advanced techniques like deletion, insertion, inversion, expansion, substitution, and transformation. These roles very much depend on semantic classification of verbs. It is concluded that an action verb has actor roles as agent, and effector and undergoer roles as locative, theme, and patient. A process verb only has a role of undergoer acting as patient. A state verb has an actor role as locative, and undergoer roles as theme and effector. However, a perception verb deliberately has an actor role as agent and the undergoer one as theme. Article visualizations:

https://oapub.org/lit/index.php/EJLLL/article/download/106/136

Mulyadi Mulyadi

Papers

Lexical field of ‘saying’ on japanese lexeme iu

The Comparison Question Sentences Between Karonese and English Language: Teory X-Bar

Mechanism of Valence Change in Mandailing Language: Linguistics Typology

Ergativity Case-Marking in Batak Toba Language

Semantic roles of verbs in toba batak language