抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

and Applications of Fullerenes, Carbon Dots, Nanotubes, Graphene, Nanodiamonds, and Combined Superstructures Vasilios Georgakilas,† Jason A. Perman,‡ Jiri Tucek,‡ and Radek Zboril*,‡ †Material Science Department, University of Patras, 26504 Rio Patras, Greece ‡Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17 listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic

Broad family of carbon nanoallotropes: classification, chemistry, and applications of fullerenes, carbon dots, nanotubes, graphene, nanodiamonds, and combined superstructures.

Premises of creation of Internet portal designed to provide access to participants of educational and scientific process for the joint creation, consolidation, concentration and rapid spreading of educational and scientific information resources in its own depository are considered. CMS-based portal content management systems’ potentiality is investigated. Architecture for Internet portal of MES of Ukraine’s information resources is offered.

Створення порталу інформаційно-довідкових ресурсів міністерства освіти і науки україни

Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is an emerging tool that bridges the traditional depth limits of ballistic optical imaging and the resolution limits of diffuse optical imaging. Using the acoustic waves generated in response to the absorption of pulsed laser light, it provides noninvasive images of absorbed optical energy density at depths of several centimeters with a resolution of ∼100 μm. This versatile and scalable imaging modality has now shown potential for molecular imaging, which enables visualization of biological processes with systemically introduced contrast agents. Understanding the relative merits of the vast range of contrast agents available, from small-molecule dyes to gold and carbon nanostructures to liposome encapsulations, is a considerable challenge. Here we critically review the physical, chemical and biochemical characteristics of the existing photoacoustic contrast agents, highlighting key applications and present challenges for molecular PAI.

/pdf/contrast-agents-for-molecular-photoacoustic-imaging-1qnxfpef28.pdf

Contrast agents for molecular photoacoustic imaging

Hydrogen generation from the direct splitting of water by photocatalysis is regarded as a promising and renewable solution for the energy crisis The key to realize this reaction is to find an efficient and robust photocatalyst that ideally makes use of the energy from sunlight Recently, due to the attractive properties such as appropriate band structure, ultrahigh specific surface area, and more exposed active sites, two-dimensional (2D) photocatalysts have attracted significant attention for photocatalytic water splitting This Review attempts to summarize recent progress in the fabrication and applications of 2D photocatalysts including graphene-based photocatalysts, 2D oxides, 2D chalcogenides, 2D carbon nitride, and some other emerging 2D materials for water splitting The construction strategies and characterization techniques for 2D/2D photocatalysts are summarized Particular attention has been paid to the role of 2D/2D interfaces in these 2D photocatalysts as the interfaces and heterojunctions a

Role of Interfaces in Two-Dimensional Photocatalyst for Water Splitting

Polymeric photocatalysts have been identified as promising materials for H2 production from water due to their comparative low cost and facile modification of the electronic structure. However, the majority only respond to a limited wavelength region (λ 420 nm), with an apparent quantum yield (AQY) of 10.3% at 420 nm and 2.1% at 500 nm, measured under ambient conditions, which is closer to the real environment (instead of vacuum conditions). The strategy used here thus paves a new avenue to dramatically tune both the light absorption and charge separation to increase the activity of polymeric photocatalysts.

/pdf/linker-controlled-polymeric-photocatalyst-for-highly-n1qsexylcn.pdf

Linker-controlled polymeric photocatalyst for highly efficient hydrogen evolution from water

Since the discovery of buckminsterfullerene over 30 years ago, sp2-hybridised carbon nanomaterials (including fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphene) have stimulated new science and technology across a huge range of fields. Despite the impressive intrinsic properties, challenges in processing and chemical modification continue to hinder applications. Charged carbon nanomaterials (CCNs), formed via the reduction or oxidation of these carbon nanomaterials, facilitate dissolution, purification, separation, chemical modification, and assembly. This approach provides a compelling alternative to traditional damaging and restrictive liquid phase exfoliation routes. The broad chemistry of CCNs not only provides a versatile and potent means to modify the properties of the parent nanomaterial but also raises interesting scientific issues. This review focuses on the fundamental structural forms: buckminsterfullerene, single-walled carbon nanotubes, and single-layer graphene, describing the generation of their respective charged nanocarbon species, their interactions with solvents, chemical reactivity, specific (opto)electronic properties, and emerging applications.

Charged Carbon Nanomaterials: Redox Chemistries of Fullerenes, Carbon Nanotubes, and Graphenes

The bandgap engineering of semiconductors, in particular low‐cost organic/polymeric photocatalysts could directly influence their behavior in visible photon harvesting. However, an effective and rational pathway to stepwise change of the bandgap of an organic/polymeric photocatalyst is still very challenging. An efficient strategy is demonstrated to tailor the bandgap from 2.7 eV to 1.9 eV of organic photocatalysts by carefully manipulating the linker/terminal atoms in the chains via innovatively designed polymerization. These polymers work in a stable and efficient manner for both H2 and O2 evolution at ambient conditions (420 nm < λ < 710 nm), exhibiting up to 18 times higher hydrogen evolution rate (HER) than a reference photocatalyst g‐C3N4 and leading to high apparent quantum yields (AQYs) of 8.6%/2.5% at 420/500 nm, respectively. For the oxygen evolution rate (OER), the optimal polymer shows 19 times higher activity compared to g‐C3N4 with excellent AQYs of 4.3%/1.0% at 420/500 nm. Both theoretical modeling and spectroscopic results indicate that such remarkable enhancement is due to the increased light harvesting and improved charge separation. This strategy thus paves a novel avenue to fabricate highly efficient organic/polymeric photocatalysts with precisely tunable operation windows and enhanced charge separation.

https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/aenm.201801084

Bandgap Engineering of Organic Semiconductors for Highly Efficient Photocatalytic Water Splitting

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are a fundamental family of distinct molecules, each bearing the possibility of different reactivities due to their intrinsically distinct chemical properties. SWNT syntheses generate a heterogeneous mixture of species with varying electronic character, lengths, diameters and helicities, (n,m), as well as other amorphous, graphitic and metal catalyst impurities. In recent years, selective syntheses and post-synthetic separation strategies have advanced, driven by the requirement for pure SWNTs displaying particular features. Covalent surface modifications are widely-used to adapt SWNTs for specific applications with modified solubility, compatibility and specific functionalities. In many cases, such reactions have been found to be selective, illuminating the fundamentally distinct chemistry of each (n,m) species. This differential reactivity has found immediate utility in facilitating the sorting of nanotubes according to specific diameter, electronic properties and, most importantly, helicity. In this tutorial review, we discuss a wide range of selective reactions, the mechanisms that are thought to govern selectivity, and the challenges of separating, characterising and regenerating the modified SWNTs.

Mustafa K. Bayazit

Papers

Linker-controlled polymeric photocatalyst for highly efficient hydrogen evolution from water

Charged Carbon Nanomaterials: Redox Chemistries of Fullerenes, Carbon Nanotubes, and Graphenes

Bandgap Engineering of Organic Semiconductors for Highly Efficient Photocatalytic Water Splitting

Unweaving the rainbow: a review of the relationship between single-walled carbon nanotube molecular structures and their chemical reactivity

Chemistry of vegetable physiology and agriculture