This paper reviews energy storage systems, in general, and for specific applications in low-cost micro-energy harvesting (MEH) systems, low-cost microelectronic devices, and wireless sensor networks (WSNs). With the development of electronic gadgets, low-cost microelectronic devices and WSNs, the need for an efficient, light and reliable energy storage device is increased. The current energy storage systems (ESS) have the disadvantages of self-discharging, energy density, life cycles, and cost. The ambient energy resources are the best option as an energy source, but the main challenge in harvesting energy from ambient sources is the instability of the source of energy. Due to the explosion of lithium batteries in many cases, and the pros associated with them, the design of an efficient device, which is more reliable and efficient than conventional batteries, is important. This review paper focused on the issues of the reliability and performance of electrical ESS, and, especially, discussed the technical challenges and suggested solutions for ESS (batteries, supercapacitors, and for a hybrid combination of supercapacitors and batteries) in detail. Nowadays, the main market of batteries is WSNs, but in the last decade, the world’s attention has turned toward supercapacitors as a good alternative of batteries. The main advantages of supercapacitors are their light weight, volume, greater life cycle, turbo charging/discharging, high energy density and power density, low cost, easy maintenance, and no pollution. This study reviews supercapacitors as a better alternative of batteries in low-cost electronic devices, WSNs, and MEH systems.

Review on Comparison of Different Energy Storage Technologies Used in Micro-Energy Harvesting, WSNs, Low-Cost Microelectronic Devices: Challenges and Recommendations.

Batteries in a Portable World

In this paper, a multi-stage planning-operation co-optimization model of an active distribution network (ADN) integrated with energy storage systems (ESSs) is proposed, in which the lifetime of batteries is also considered. By adopting piecewise linearized battery lifetime model and approximate power balance constraints based on Kirchhoff’s Current Law and Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law, the problem is reconstructed as a mixed integer linear programming model. This model considers the bi-directional power flows in the ADN, multi-stage planning logical constraints, and the replacement/addition of feeders/ESS. In addition, the cost of construction, operation, power trading, ESS lifetime loss, and lost load are included in the objective function. Moreover, Benders decomposition is utilized to improve the convergence speed of the model, which becomes difficult to solve due to the complex battery lifetime evaluation. Case studies based on a fictitious 18-node ADN demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, which produces economic planning result considering the battery lifetime for an ADN with ESS.

Planning-Operation Co-Optimization Model of Active Distribution Network With Energy Storage Considering the Lifetime of Batteries

Mobility has modernized urban areas using an efficient transportation system. However, mobility demand growth has accelerated the expansion of conventional transportation, which significantly contributes to pollution. The need of Green transportation results in the eminence of electric vehicles (EVs). Besides, green mobility minimizes pollution from transportation systems and conventional power sources when EVs are optimally integrated into the utility grid. Thus, this study assesses different significant optimum possibilities of grid-connected EVs. A review of the critical impacts of grid-tied EVs is presented. Vehicle to the grid (V2G) is the future of electric cars. This uses a bidirectional power flow of the EV’s battery charging to either charge the car or sustain the utility grid. The V2G is highly affected by diverse loading conditions that challenge the network’s acceptable voltage and optimal power-sharing within the electrical network. It is observed that the V2G perspective is based on the 5Ds (decentralisation, de-carbonization, digitalization, deregulation, and democratization) vision to overcome the overall shortcomings in the modern power grid. The 5Ds vision of V2G implementation sustains different stakeholders working on the future of electric cars. Thus, this research is a stronger foundation for the new perspective and vision of V2G development and applications. 

Impact of electric vehicles on smart grid and future predictions: a survey

Our modern and technological society requests enhanced energy storage devices to tackle the current necessities. In addition, wearable electronic devices are being demanding because they offer many facilities to the person wearing it. In this manuscript, a historical review is made about the available energy storage devices focusing on super‐capacitors and lithium‐ion batteries, since they currently are the most present in the industry, and the possible polymeric materials suitable on wearable energy storage devices. Polymers are a suitable option because they not only possess remarkable mechanical resistance, flexibility, long life‐times, easy manufacturing techniques and low cost in addition to they can be environmentally friendly, nontoxic, and even biodegradable too. Moreover, the electrical and electrochemical polymer properties can be tunning with suitable fillers giving to versatile conducting polymer composites with a good cost and properties' ratio. Although the advances are promising, there are still many drawbacks that need to be overcome. Future research should focus on improving both the performance of materials and their processability on an industrial scale, where additive manufacturing offers many possibilities. The sustainability of new energy storage devices should not be forgotten, encouraging the use of more environmentally friendly materials and manufacturing processes.

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Last developments in polymers for wearable energy storage devices

Batteries act as one of the primary sources of energy for high power Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV). The life of the battery becomes a significant constraint while building an HEV. So researchers found Lithium-ion batteries are more suitable for HEV with a better lifecycle. But the manufacturing cost of Lithium-ion batteries is expensive. Thus, while designing an economic HEV, the cost of batteries also a constraint. In subsequent years, lead-acid batteries are found one of the best alternatives for lithium-ion. Sulfation is the main problem in lead-acid batteries. So de-sulfation is a solution to recover the sulphated lead-acid battery. But de-sulfation was not found as a better solution for preventing sulfation. Hence battery management system for proper charging or discharge is found as a passive solution for the sulfation. In literature, many methods are reviewed related to proper charging and a discharging controller which may trap in sulfation problem. Hence, this paper, an Atom Search Algorithm (ASA) based Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) is designed to enable proper charging and discharging controller for increasing the lifecycles of the lead-acid battery by avoiding sulfation. The lead-acid battery is connected with Ultra-Capacitor (UC) through a bidirectional DC-DC converter to enable proper charging and to discharge of controller in a. The lifetime extension of lead-acid battery is attained by maintaining the proper charging and discharging through the conservation of Depth of Charge (DOC) and State of Charge (SOC). The charging and discharging controller of the lead-acid battery are enabled by a rule-based control strategy in the converter. The optimal operation of the converter is to provide essential supply to meet the load drive cycle as well as battery charging progress. To avoid battery's dry conditions, UC is playing the leading role to supply by the converter. The controller action is performed through the consumption of the Fractional-Order Proportional Integral Derivative Controller (FOPID) in the bidirectional DC-DC converter. The optimal switching operations are selected with the utilisation of the ASA algorithm. The proposed method is implemented in MATLAB/ Simulink and contrasted with existing methods. Finally, the proposed method extends the lifecycles of the battery to 7500 cycles by proper charging and discharging controller.

Mitigation of sulfation in lead acid battery towards life time extension using ultra capacitor in hybrid electric vehicle

Due to increased population, lot of emissions and pollutions are taking places in power sector, telecommunication sector, automobile sector etc. Hence there is need to reduce Green-house emission and other pollutions in various sectors by reducing/removing our dependency on fossil fuels. Renewable energy sources is gaining lot of attraction in power sector. The power networks faces lot of challenges in transmission and distribution to meet daily demands. In order to meet these challenges energy storage system plays very important role. Energy storage system is playing very important role in automobile industry & telecommunications green technology also to reduce pollution and green-house effect. Lead acid battery is most widely used in India due to its well-known chemistry, infrastructure low price and efficiency. The real disadvantage in lead acid battery is that it easily sulfates because of improper charging and discharging. This sulfation is more dominant in stationary applications. This paper basically focuses on various types of energy storage systems, their viability for particular applications, cost and life. Paper also focuses on the various techniques used to reduce sulfation in lead acid battery application and improving its life by reducing sulfation by artificial intelligence.

N. R. Kulkarni

Papers

Mitigation of sulfation in lead acid battery towards life time extension using ultra capacitor in hybrid electric vehicle

Feasibility of energy storage systems in different applications for sustainable energy