Infection of plants with pathogens like viruses or fungi often leads to a response of the host ranging from very mild to very severe. A very mild response usually does not result in considerable changes in the patterns of gene expression of the plant. However, a hypersensitive reaction, e.g., in the case of infection of Samsun NN tobacco with tobacco mosaic virus, is accompanied by a massive increase in the amounts of a large number of different proteins. Among these induced proteins are members of a group of so‐called pathogenesis‐related (PR) proteins. Frequently, the hypersensitively reacting host becomes resistant to subsequent pathogenic attack. The correlation of this phenomenon of acquired resistance and the induced protein synthesis suggests a direct involvement of these proteins in the observed replication deficiency of the pathogen. This has initiated studies by several research groups toward a better understanding of the role of these PR‐proteins in the hypersensitively reacting plant....

Pathogenesis-related proteins of plants

The invention provides a smart sensor ( 10 ) in the form of an adhesive bandage ( 32 ). The sensor ( 12 ) sticks to people and objects and wirelessly communicates with remote receivers ( 24 ). Internal detectors ( 12 ) sense conditions associated with movement or the environment of the sensor. Typically, sensors of the invention communicate by an RF transmitter or transceiver ( 16 ). Groups of sensors may be combined within a common canister that imparts date and time information and “power on” when dispensed.

Movement and event systems and associated methods related applications

The present invention provides recombinant or chimaeric DNA molecules comprising plant SAR genes, wherein the wild-type genes corresponding to said SAR genes can be chemically induced in a plant in a protein-synthesis independent or in a protein-synthesis dependent manner. Methods for obtaining these DNA molecules are also provided. Additionally, the present invention provides chemically inducible wheat genes, Arabidopsis chitinase IV, Maize PR-1mz, and Maize thaumatin PR-5mz. The anti-pathogenic sequences according to the invention can be genetically engineered and transformed into plants to obtain transgenic plants with enhanced resistance to disease. In one embodiment of the present invention, the chemically regulatable DNA promoter sequence of the Arabidopsis Pr-1 gene is provided. Another aspect of the present invention is a method of improving protection of a plant against a pest comprising transgenically expressing in said plant two or more DNA molecules encoding anti-pathogenic proteins, wherein the transgenically expressed proteins exert a synergistic effect.

Chemically regulatable and anti-pathogenic DNA sequences and uses thereof

Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins have been used as markers of plant defense responses, and are classified into 17 families. However, precise information on the majority members in specific PR families is still limited. We were interested in the individual characteristics of rice PR1 family genes, and selected 12 putatively active genes using rice genome databases for expressed genes. All were upregulated upon compatible and/or incompatible rice-blast fungus interactions; three were upregulated in the early infection period and four in the late infection period. Upon compatible rice–bacterial blight interaction, four genes were upregulated, six were not affected, and one was downregulated. These results are in striking contrast to those among 22 ArabidopsisPR1 genes where only one gene was pathogen-inducible. The responses of individual genes to salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene induced defense signaling pathways in rice are likely to be different from those in dicot plants. Transcript levels in healthy leaves, roots, and flowers varied according to each gene. Analysis of the partially overlapping expression patterns of rice PR1 genes in healthy tissues and in response to pathogens and other stresses would be useful to understand their possible functions and for use as characteristic markers for defense-related studies in rice.

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Characteristic expression of twelve rice PR1 family genes in response to pathogen infection, wounding, and defense-related signal compounds (121/180)

A 3-year field experiment was conducted in Jiangsu Province, China from 2004 to 2006 to investigate CH4 and N2O emissions from paddy fields as affected by various wheat straw management practices prior to rice cultivation. Five methods of returning wheat straw, no straw, evenly incorporating, burying straw, ditch mulching and strip mulching, were adopted in the experiment. Evenly incorporating is the most common management practice in the region. Results showed that compared with no straw, evenly incorporating increased CH4 emission significantly by a factor of 3.9–10.5, while decreasing N2O emission by 1–78%. Methane emission from burying straw was comparable with that from evenly incorporating, while N2O emission from burying straw was 94–314% of that from evenly incorporating. Compared with evenly incorporating, CH4 emission was decreased by 23–32% in ditch mulching and by 32% in strip mulching, while N2O emission was increased by a factor of 1.4–3.7 in ditch mulching and by a factor of 5.1 in strip mulching. During the rice-growing season, the emitted N2O was negligible compared to that of emitted CH4. No significant difference in grain yield was observed between ditch mulching, burying straw, evenly incorporating and no straw. Compared with no straw, the grain yield was increased by 27% in strip mulching. Based on these results, the best management practice for returning wheat straw to the soil is strip mulching wheat straw partially or completely onto the field surface, as the method reduced CH4 emission from rice fields with no decrease in rice yield.

Wheat straw management affects CH4 and N2O emissions from rice fields

The invention provides an apparatus of temperature measurement which is consisting of a sensing element (4a), a retaining element (31) which retains the sensing element (4a) and which is made of a thermally conductive and electrically insulative material, a holding element (32) which holds the retaining element (31), and a contact mechanism which elastically contacts the retaining element (31) with the top of the surface of the measured body (1).

Apparatus for temperature measurement

https://febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1016/0014-5793%2887%2981166-3

Nucleotide sequence of the PR-1 gene of Nicotiana tabacum

Phototrophic purple bacteria (PPB) are one group of dinitrogen (N2)-fixing bacteria often found in the anoxic and photic zone of paddy soil. In the present study, the effects of inoculation of PPB on grain yield of rice and changes in their populations and nitrogenase activity were investigated with and without surface application of rice straw in a pot experiment. As an inoculant, Rhodopseudomonas palustris strain KN122 isolated from a paddy soil was selected, and the cell suspension was inoculated into the floodwater once or three times during the cultivation. As a result, the inoculation of PPB increased the grain yield of rice. Compared to the control, the grain yield was 9% higher in the inoculated plot without rice straw application. The treatment was more effective in combination with rice straw application. In the plots where PPB were inoculated with rice straw, grain yields were 21% (single inoculation) and 29% (triple inoculation) higher. Populations of PPB in the plots without rice straw applic...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1747-0765.2005.tb00041.x

Effects of Inoculation of Phototrophic Purple Bacteria on Grain Yield of Rice and Nitrogenase Activity of Paddy Soil in a Pot Experiment

Inhibition of methanogens increases photo‐dependent nitrogenase activities in anoxic paddy soil amended with rice straw

protein was cloned from Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun NN TATA-box is underlined. genomic library screening with cDNA clone of PR la protein gene (1). The following nucleotide sequence contains coding and its REFERENCES flanking regions. The nucleotide sequence of PRlc protein gene downstream from 126 resembles that of PRla (2-5). However, '• Matsuoka et al. (1987) Plant Physiol. 85, 942-946. 123 nucleotides fragment (from 164 to 286) is inserted at 157 *; ^^r^^StJ^ti^-St'^ nucleotides upstream from the capping site. Coding region is from 4. payne et al. (1988) Plant Mol. Biol. 11, 89-94. 5. Pfitzner et al. (1988) Mol. Cen. Genet. 211, 290-295. 1 CGGATTCGTC CGGAGAAGTC CCACATTGGG CATAAGCGCT CCCTGACGAA 51 GGCGACTCCA TACCCATGGA CTTGAACCCG AGACCTTTGG TTAAGGATGA 101 ACGAGACTCC GGTGCCAGGT AAAATATTGG TAACTGCTTA TATAAGTTTA 151 ATATGGTAAC CTGAGCCGAA GGTCTATCGG AAACAGACTT TCTGCCCTAT 201 CAGGGTAGGG GTAAGGTCTG CATACACAGT ACCCTCTCCA AACCCCACTT 251 AGTGAGACTT TAGTGGGTAG TTGTTGTTGT TATTGTTATG GTAACCTGGG 301 AAACAGGATA AATAACTATC TATAACAGGA TATATTACAT TGATATTACC 351 ATGTCAAAAA ATTAAGCAAG TACATGAATA ATCGCCGTGA AATCTTCAAG 401 ATTTCTCCTA TAAATACCCT TGGTAGTAAA TCTAGTTTTT CCATTCAAGT 451 ACAACATTTC TCCTATAGTC ATGGAATTTG TTCTCTTTTC ACAAATGTCT 501 TCATTTTTTC TTGTCTCTAC GCTTCTCTTA TTCCTAATAA TATCCCACTC 551 TTGTCATGCT CAAAACTCTC AACAAGACTA TTTGGATGCC CATAACACAG 601 CTCGTGCAGA TGTAGGTGTA GAACCTTTGA CCTGGGACGA CCAGGTAGCA 651 GCCTATGCAC AAAATTATGC TTCCCAATTG GCTGCAGATT GTAACCTCGT 7 01 ACATTCTCAT GGTCAATACG GCGAAAACCT AGCTTGGGGA AGTGGCGATT 7 51 TCTTGACGGC CGCTAAGGCC GTCGAGATGT GGGTCAATGA GAAACAGTAT 801 TATGCCCACG ACTCAAACAC TTGTGCCCAA GGACAGGTGT GTGGACACTA 851 TACTCAGGTG GTTTGGCGTA ACTCGGTTCG TGTTGGATGT GCTAGGGTTC 901 AGTGTAACAA TGGAGGATAT ATTGTCTCTT GCAACTATGA TCCTCCAGGT 951 AATGTTATAG GCAAAAGCCC ATACTAATTG AAAACATATG TCCATTTCAC 10 01 GTTATATATG TGTGGACTTC TGCTTGATAT ATATCAAGAA CTTAAATAAT 1051 TGCGCTAAAA AGCAACTTAT AGTTAAGTAT ATAGTACTAT ATTTGTAATT 1101 CTCTGAAGTG GATATATAAT AAGACCTAGT GCTCTTGATT ATGGGGAAAA 1151 ATATGAATTC

Naoki Harada

Papers

Apparatus for temperature measurement

Nucleotide sequence of the PR-1 gene of Nicotiana tabacum

Effects of Inoculation of Phototrophic Purple Bacteria on Grain Yield of Rice and Nitrogenase Activity of Paddy Soil in a Pot Experiment

Inhibition of methanogens increases photo‐dependent nitrogenase activities in anoxic paddy soil amended with rice straw

The nucleotide sequence of pathogenesis-related (PR) 1c protein gene of tobacco.