A copy of Guangbo jiemu bao [Broadcast Program Report] was being passed from hand to hand among a group of young people eager to be the first to read the article introducing the program "What Is Revolutionary Love?" It said: "… Young friends, you are certainly very concerned about this problem'. So, we would like you to meet the young women workers Meng Xiaoyu and Meng Yamei and the older cadre Miss Feng. They are the three leading characters in the short story ‘The Place of Love.’ Through the description of the love lives of these three, the story induces us to think deeply about two questions that merit further examination.

This is How the Discussion Started

Himalayan glacier tongues are commonly debris covered and they are an important source of melt water. However, they remain relatively unstudied because of the inaccessibility of the terrain and the difficulties in field work caused by the thick debris mantles. Observations of debris-covered glaciers are therefore scarce and airborne remote sensing may bridge the gap between scarce field observations and coarse resolution space-borne remote sensing. In this study we deploy an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) before and after the melt and monsoon season (May and October 2013) over the debris-covered tongue of the Lirung Glacier in Nepal. Based on stereo-imaging and the structure for motion algorithm we derive highly detailed ortho-mosaics and digital elevation models (DEMs), which we geometrically correct using differential GPS observations collected in the field. Based on DEM differencing and manual feature tracking we derive the mass loss and the surface velocity of the glacier at a high spatial accuracy. On average, mass loss is limited and the surface velocity is very small. However, the spatial variability of melt rates is very high, and ice cliffs and supra-glacial ponds show mass losses that can be an order of magnitude higher than the average. We suggest that future research should focus on the interaction between supra-glacial ponds, ice cliffs and englacial hydrology to further understand the dynamics of debris-covered glaciers. Finally, we conclude that UAV deployment has large potential in glaciology and it may revolutionize methods currently applied in studying glacier surface features.

High-Resolution Monitoring of Himalayan Glacier Dynamics Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Does tooth loss affect dietary intake and nutritional status? A systematic review of longitudinal studies.

A large number of methodological procedures and experimental conditions are reported to describe the masticatory process. However, similar terms are sometimes employed to describe different methodologies. Standardisation of terms is essential to allow comparisons among different studies. This article was aimed to provide a consensus concerning the terms, definitions and technical methods generally reported when evaluating masticatory function objectively and subjectively. The consensus is based on the results from discussions and consultations among world-leading researchers in the related research areas. Advantages, limitations and relevance of each method are also discussed. The present consensus provides a revised framework of standardised terms to improve the consistent use of masticatory terminology and facilitate further investigations on masticatory function analysis. In addition, this article also outlines various methods used to evaluate the masticatory process and their advantages and disadvantages in order to help researchers to design their experiments.

/pdf/consensus-on-the-terminologies-and-methodologies-for-22g988cm3a.pdf

Consensus on the terminologies and methodologies for masticatory assessment.

The Temporomandibular joint in young adults at autopsy: A morphologic classification and evaluation

Ten-year longitudinal study on the state of dentition and subjective masticatory ability in community-dwelling elderly people.

Objective Alveolar cancellous bone biopsy samples were extracted during dental implant preparation for investigating microstructural changes due to menopause and relationships between these changes and bone turnover markers. Study Design Subjects were 18 women receiving mandibular implants: premenopausal (n = 5), early postmenopausal (≤5 years; n = 3), and late postmenopausal (>5 years; n = 10). Bone turnover markers were measured and the samples analyzed using microscopic computerized tomography and 3-dimensional bone morphometry. Results The alveolar bone volume was significantly less in late postmenopausal women than in premenopausal ones. The trabeculae in early postmenopausal women were more separated and rod-like than in premenopausal ones (P Conclusions Alveolar cancellous bone structure begins changing even in early postmenopausal women, and this structure varies in close relationship to bone turnover markers.

Correlations between alveolar bone microstructure and bone turnover markers in pre- and post-menopausal women

咀嚼能力を評価するには, 粉砕から食塊形成および嚥下までの全過程を観察する必要がある.しかし, これまで種々行われてきた咀嚼能力の評価方法は, その大半が粉砕能力評価を主体とした評価法であった.そこで, 食塊形成能力を含めた咀嚼能力を簡易に評価できる方法を考案し, 有効性の検討を行うことを目的として以下の実験を行った.食塊形成能力の指標を唾液分泌能力と舌側移送能力の2つと考え, 吸水量の異なる煎餅における嚥下までの咀嚼回数が, それら食塊形成能力と, どのような関係にあるかの検討を行った.被験者は, 健常有歯顎者 (男性14名, 女性7名) とした.舌側貯留率と粉砕度は, ピーナッツを一定回数咀嚼させ計測した.また, 唾液分泌量と煎餅の嚥下までに要した咀嚼回数を計測し, それぞれの相関を求めた.結果: 1.唾液分泌量と煎餅の初回嚥下までの咀嚼回数との問に負の相関が認められ, 唾液分泌能力の高い者は嚥下までの咀嚼回数が少ない事が認められた.2.ピーナッツの舌側貯留率と煎餅の初回嚥下までの咀嚼回数との間に負の相関が認められ, 舌側移送能力の高い者は嚥下までの咀嚼回数が少ない事が認められた.3.上記の関係は, 吸水性の高い煎餅で顕著であった.以上の事より, 吸水性の高い煎餅の初回嚥下までの咀嚼回数を計測するこの評価法は, 食塊形成に密接な関係がある唾液分泌能力および舌側移送能力を予想する事ができた.この方法によりチェアサイドで食塊形成能力を含めた咀嚼能力を簡便に評価できることが分かった.

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/sgf1994/10/2/10_2_151/_pdf

Evaluation of masticatory function focusing bolus formation by the number of chewing strokes until swallowing of water absorbing rice crackers

Purpose Various methods of evaluating the ability of mastication have been reported, most of which involve evaluating of the ability to comminute foods. In this study, a new method of evaluating the ability of mastication focusing on bolus formation was applied to denture wearers. Methods One hundred and twenty-five subjects (71 males and 54 females) using removable dentures and receiving follow-up in the Niigata University Hospital were selected. This group was categorized by Eichner's classification, and investigated for the effect of prosthetic treatment by counting the number of chewing strokes until the first swallow of rice crackers. Results It was clarified that the number of chewing strokes until the first swallow counted by visual observation agreed well with the number of chewing strokes counted by electromyogram wave of masseter muscle, laryngeal motion, and swallowing sound, as a preparatory experiment. Using the method of counting chewing strokes by visual observation, the effect of prosthetic treatment was evaluated, and the results were as follows. 1)There is a significant difference in the number of chewing strokes without dentures between the Eichner A group, B group, and C group. 2)There was no significant difference in the number of chewing strokes with dentures among the three groups. 3)A significant decrease in the number of chewing strokes was proven by the use of removable dentures. 4)Both the improvement rate of chewing strokes (the ratio of the number of chewing strokes with dentures until the first swallow to that without dentures) and the difference of chewing strokes increased significantly in the order of Eichner A, B, and C. Conclusion It was clarified that the effect of prosthetic treatment can be quantitatively evaluated by counting the chewing strokes of rice cracker. Moreover, it was suggested that the condition of prosthetic treatment can be evaluated by analyzing the improvement rate of chewing strokes.

Evaluation of prosthetic treatment using number of chewing strokes until swallowing of water absorbing rice crackers

The subject was a 53-year-old male. An alveolar bone sample was obtained from the site of the lower left first molar, before dental implant placement. Although the details of the trabecular structure were not visible with conventional computed tomography, micro-computed tomography (microCT) three-dimensional images of the alveolar bone biopsy sample showed several plate-like trabeculae extending from the lingual cortical bone. Histological observations of the bone sample revealed trabeculae, cuboidal osteoblasts, osteoclasts and hematopoietic cells existing in the bone tissue at the implantation site. Bone metabolic markers and calcaneal bone density were all within normal ranges, indicating no acceleration of the patient’s bone metabolism.

Using microCT, and histological and histomorphometrical techniques, a great deal of valuable information about the bone tissue was obtained from a biopsy sample extracted from the patient’s planned implant site.

/pdf/microstructural-observation-with-microct-and-histological-1adsuza11k.pdf

Naoki Sakurai

Papers

Ten-year longitudinal study on the state of dentition and subjective masticatory ability in community-dwelling elderly people.

Correlations between alveolar bone microstructure and bone turnover markers in pre- and post-menopausal women

Evaluation of masticatory function focusing bolus formation by the number of chewing strokes until swallowing of water absorbing rice crackers

Evaluation of prosthetic treatment using number of chewing strokes until swallowing of water absorbing rice crackers

Microstructural observation with microCT and histological analysis of human alveolar bone biopsy from a planned implant site: A case report