Biomass is an important feedstock for the renewable production of fuels, chemicals, and energy. As of 2005, over 3% of the total energy consumption in the United States was supplied by biomass, and it recently surpassed hydroelectric energy as the largest domestic source of renewable energy. Similarly, the European Union received 66.1% of its renewable energy from biomass, which thus surpassed the total combined contribution from hydropower, wind power, geothermal energy, and solar power. In addition to energy, the production of chemicals from biomass is also essential; indeed, the only renewable source of liquid transportation fuels is currently obtained from biomass.

The Catalytic Valorization of Lignin for the Production of Renewable Chemicals

2.5. Stabilization of IL Emulsions by Nanoparticles 2623 3. Hydrogenations in ILs 2623 3.1. Hydrogenation on IL-Stabilized Nanoparticles 2623 3.1.1. Hydrogenation of 1,3-Butadiene 2623 3.1.2. Hydrogenation of Alkenes and Arenes 2624 3.1.3. Hydrogenation of Ketones 2624 3.2. Homogeneous Catalytic Hydrogenation in ILs 2624 3.3. Hydrogenation of Functionalized ILs 2625 3.3.1. Selective Hydrogenation of Polymers 2625 3.4. Asymmetric Hydrogenations 2626 3.4.1. Enantioselective Hydrogenation 2626 3.5. Role of the ILs Purity in Hydrogenation Reactions 2628

Catalysis in ionic liquids

Hydrothermal technologies are broadly defined as chemical and physical transformations in high-temperature (200–600 °C), high-pressure (5–40 MPa) liquid or supercritical water. This thermochemical means of reforming biomass may have energetic advantages, since, when water is heated at high pressures a phase change to steam is avoided which avoids large enthalpic energy penalties. Biological chemicals undergo a range of reactions, including dehydration and decarboxylation reactions, which are influenced by the temperature, pressure, concentration, and presence of homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysts. Several biomass hydrothermal conversion processes are in development or demonstration. Liquefaction processes are generally lower temperature (200–400 °C) reactions which produce liquid products, often called “bio-oil” or “bio-crude”. Gasification processes generally take place at higher temperatures (400–700 °C) and can produce methane or hydrogen gases in high yields.

/pdf/thermochemical-biofuel-production-in-hydrothermal-media-a-57itjyvhnt.pdf

Thermochemical biofuel production in hydrothermal media: A review of sub- and supercritical water technologies

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is widely used in almost all industrial areas, particularly in the chemical industry and environmental protection. The only degradation product of its use is water, and thus it has played a large role in environmentally friendly methods in the chemical industry. Hydrogen peroxide is produced on an industrial scale by the anthraquinone oxidation (AO) process. However, this process can hardly be considered a green method. It involves the sequential hydrogenation and oxidation of an alkylanthraquinone precursor dissolved in a mixture of organic solvents followed by liquid–liquid extraction to recover H2O2. The AO process is a multistep method that requires significant energy input and generates waste, which has a negative effect on its sustainability and production costs. The transport, storage, and handling of bulk H2O2 involve hazards and escalating expenses. Thus, novel, cleaner methods for the production of H2O2 are being explored. The direct synthesis of H2O2 from O2 and H2 using a variety of catalysts, and the factors influencing the formation and decomposition of H2O2 are examined in detail in this Review.

http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/files.php?pid=171164&aid=9838

Hydrogen Peroxide Synthesis: An Outlook beyond the Anthraquinone Process

Recent advances in transition metal catalyzed oxidation of organic substrates with molecular oxygen.

Two-Step Enhanced Dehydration of IPA-Water Vapor Mixture using Water-Selective CHA Zeolite Membrane in Continuously Recycling System

膜反応器の工学的特性を検討するため, 可逆一次反応について, 反応速度および分離速度の両方を考慮した連立速度式から反応転化率を表す式を導いた.その導いた式を解析することにより, 膜反応器の特性に関するいくつかの重要な知見を得た.たとえば, 膜反応器の転化率には上限値である理想最大転化率が存在することを明らかにするとともに, 理想最大転化率と膜の選択率および反応の平衡定数との関係などを明らかにした.また, 膜反応器が反応促進効果を示すための設計条件および操作条件などを明らかにした.

Fundamental Analysis of a Membrane Reactor

A pH-responsive permeation system based on a packed layer of polyacrylic acid (PAA)-coated alumina particles is reported. γ-Alumina particles coated with PAA (Mw=25,000) were synthesized using a silane coupling agent and polymerization agent. The permeation of 1.0×10−2 mol L−1 aqueous solutions through packed layers of the PAA-coated particles decreased in the following order: HCl>CH3COOH>pure water>CH3COONa>NaOH. The increased average specific resistance of the packed particle layer with increasing solution pH was ascribed to decreased interparticle spacing due to electrostatic repulsion of the negatively charged PAA chains upon deprotonation of the carboxyl groups at high pH values. Thus, packed layers of PAA-coated alumina particles are a simple, promising, and practical system for pH-dependent permeation. 

pH-Responsive Permeation in Packed Layers of Polyacrylic Acid-Coated Alumina Particles

Disclosed is a method for manufacturing isoindolic compound, which can adopt a condition capable of being put to industrially practical use, which can produce stable isoindolic compound, and which can further produce the isoindolic compound with a high yield. The method for manufacturing isoindolic compound comprises a thermal treatment step where a compound of which molecule includes a structure of pyrrole fused with bicyclo [2.2.2] octadiene skeleton is subjected to a supercritical carbon dioxide atmosphere. The thermal treatment step is preferably performed at a temperature of not less than 50° C. and not more than 300° C.

Naotsugu Itoh

Papers

Two-Step Enhanced Dehydration of IPA-Water Vapor Mixture using Water-Selective CHA Zeolite Membrane in Continuously Recycling System

Fundamental Analysis of a Membrane Reactor

pH-Responsive Permeation in Packed Layers of Polyacrylic Acid-Coated Alumina Particles

Method for producing isoindole

Silica membrane module for hydrogen separation at high temperatures