MEDICAL LITERATURE has been deluged during the past few years with books and papers on penicillin; but a book which has been produced under the general editorship of Sir Alexander Fleming himself represents a complete and authoritative summary of penicillin therapy as it stands today.' The book contains a series of independent contributions by \"experienced and eminent men who have worked with penicillin in Great Britain\". Their opinions and practical methods differ slightly, and there is some overlapping; but these are not disadvantageous, comparison and contrast lending interest to the reading. In the first or general section of the book Fleming contributes two chapters, one on the history and development of penicillin, introducing some interesting sidelights in the romance of discovery, the other on the bacteriological control of penicillin therapy. In both chapters the information is set out in meticulous detail and with a clarity and simplicity which can be enjoyed by all readers. Fleming also gives the right perspective to the place of penicillin amongst the antibiotics and lays down the principles of treatment. Both chapters are well illustrated and are the most outstanding in the book. Included in this first section also are chapters on the chemistry and manufacture of penicillin and its pharmacy, pharmacology and methods of administration. The second section of the book is entirely clinical, giving each author's view on the use of penicillin therapy in a disease or an infection of some particular region of the body. The entire range of peniCillin-sensitive conditions is considered in twenty authoritative and clearly written chapters; these contain many references and illustrations. Dental and veterinary diseases are also given fairly full consideration. The final section is a condensed resume of much of the preceding chapters and is written for. the general practttioner. This chapter is superttuous: it does not contain enough detall to be of much practical value. The book as a Whole, however, will undoubtedly be considered a classical contribution to medical literature and is strongly recommended, not only because of the general interest of its topic, but as a reference book on penicillin therapy of hitherto unequalled excellence. The typography, although conforming to war economy standards, is clear and the paper is good. There is an excellent list of references and the index is satisfactory.

Gray's Anatomy

genannte norwegische Anthropotoge HALFDaN B~Y~ ha t in ether 1928 erschienenen Schrift (Die K6rperproportionen des Homo caesius. I~gl. Norsk. Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. z927, Nr 6, 273--356 ) die Variationsbreite der nordischen IRasse (Homo caesius) zu bes t immen gesucht, indem er 8I Individuen aus ether gr6f3eren Serie yon Miinnern ausw~hlte, die der norwegischen binnenl~ndischen Bev61kerurlg aJagehOren. Obwohl sie nach ihm eine ziemlich nngleichartige Masse darstellen mit hoher und Meiner K6rpergrOBe, mit t taar und Augenfarben in allen Nuancen mit Ausnahme der dunkelsten, mit ether Kopfform, die yon Dolichocephalie his welt in die Brachycephalie hineinreicbt, rechnet sie BRYN doch alle zur nordischen Rasse, Man k6nne n~imlich unter keinen Umst~nden behaupten, dab diese ,,kleinen Unterschiede\" auf Rassenmischungen beruhten; es set nicht angXngig, einem Ind iv iduum die Zugeh6rigkeit zur nordischen Rasse abzusprechen, well es brachycephal oder breitgesichtig set, ebensowenig wie zwei Sch~idel zu verschiedenen Rassen geh6ren mfiBten, well der eine dolichocephal und schmalgesichtig und der andere brachycephal und breitgesichtig ist. An diese Auffassung, die den Rassebegriff sehr vim wetter faBt, als es im allgemeinen in der Anthropologie iiblich ist, und in den meisten Darstel lungen zum Ausdruck kommt , wird man erinnert, wenn man das ]3ueh WALTER IKRUSES liest (Die Deutschen und ihre Nachbarv61ker. Neue Grundlegung der Anthropologie, l~assen-, Vblker-, S tammeskunde und t(onst i tut ionslehre nebst Ausf~hrungen zur deutschen Rassenhygiene. Leipzig: GeorgThieme 1929. Mit 17 Textabb. und 5 Tat., XIV, 640 S,). BRYN h~ilt an dem Rassebegriff test, wenn er zweifellos anch die Rassegrenzen verwischt. K~USE ist radikaler, er spricht zwar yon der ,,europ~iischen Rasse\", 16st sie abet n icht in eigentliche Unterrassen ant, sondern in V61ker. Das Volk nnd nicht die !~asse ist also hier die Grundlage ether anthropologischen VVertung, und diese Subst i tut ion meint er woht, wenn er yon ether neuen Grundlegung der Anthropologie spricht. Ffir KRUSE ist weder die K6rpergrbBe noch die Kopfform Rassenmerkmal , weil sie in weiten Grenzen schwa~kten nnd in ihren MaBen yon XuBeren Verhltltnissen hochgradig abhXngig seien. Nnr die P igment ie rnng yon Haut , Haa r nnd Auge sieht er Ms verh~iltnism~iBig besti~ndig an, wenn er auch ein Mendeln nnr ftir die Augenfarben anerkennen wi l l Die Vigment ierung t r e t e nnabhXngig yon alien fibrigen Merkmalen auf nnd stfinde in engster Beziehung zn der geographisehen Lage, d. h. znm ~Iima. KR~Js~ stii tzt Mch bet diesen Aufstellungen zum TeiI auf die vorliegende Literatnr, zum Teit auf eigene Erhebungen an etwa ~oooo Personen aus fas t allen Teilen Dentschlands. Altein dieses eigene Material wird nicht so geboten, wie es in anthropoIogischen Arbeiten sonst iiblich ist, so dab es schwer f~illt, sich ein Urteil fiber die Zuverl~issigkeit nnd I)eutbarkei t in der yon dem Verfasser gesuchten Rich tung zu bilden. Es ist fiberall in Raisonnements eingeschlossen, die f iberhaupt ein Charakter is t ikum des Buches sind. Wenn, n m nu t ein Beispiel anzuffihren, behaupte t wird, dab die Kopfform der Neugeborenen in allen Teilen Deutschlands, ob sie nun aus Gebieten einer langk6pfigen oder kurzk6pfigen Bev61kerung s tammen, nahezu die gleiche -mesocephale -w~ire, so bedarf das trotz der angeffihrten Zahlen ether sehr sorgfMtigen NachprtKung, obwohl, selbst wenn dem so w~re, daraus nieht ohne weiteres auf die Belanglosigkeit der Kopfform f~ir die 1Rassenbestimmung geschlossen werden kann. Die Ausfi ihrungen KRUs~s kommen ihrem Kern Anthropologische Mitteitungen. zz9

Das Arteriensystem der Japaner

We present a global, closed-loop, multiscale mathematical model for the human circulation including the arterial system, the venous system, the heart, the pulmonary circulation and the microcirculation. A distinctive feature of our model is the detailed description of the venous system, particularly for intracranial and extracranial veins. Medium to large vessels are described by one-dimensional hyperbolic systems while the rest of the components are described by zero-dimensional models represented by differential-algebraic equations. Robust, high-order accurate numerical methodology is implemented for solving the hyperbolic equations, which are adopted from a recent reformulation that includes variable material properties. Because of the large intersubject variability of the venous system, we perform a patient-specific characterization of major veins of the head and neck using MRI data. Computational results are carefully validated using published data for the arterial system and most regions of the venous system. For head and neck veins, validation is carried out through a detailed comparison of simulation results against patient-specific phase-contrast MRI flow quantification data. A merit of our model is its global, closed-loop character; the imposition of highly artificial boundary conditions is avoided. Applications in mind include a vast range of medical conditions. Of particular interest is the study of some neurodegenerative diseases, whose venous haemodynamic connection has recently been identified by medical researchers.

A global multiscale mathematical model for the human circulation with emphasis on the venous system

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a devastating disease-causing vision loss in millions of people around the world. In advanced stages of disease, death of photoreceptor cells, retinal pigment epithelial cells, and choroidal endothelial cells (CECs) are common. Loss of endothelial cells of the choriocapillaris is one of the earliest detectable events in AMD, and, because the outer retina relies on the choriocapillaris for metabolic support, this loss may be the trigger for progression to more advanced stages. Here we highlight evidence for loss of CECs, including changes to vascular density within the choriocapillaris, altered abundance of CEC markers, and changes to overall thickness of the choroid. Furthermore, we review the key components and functions of the choroid, as well as Bruch's membrane, both of which are vital for healthy vision. We discuss changes to the structure and molecular composition of these tissues, many of which develop with age and may contribute to AMD pathogenesis. For example, a crucial event that occurs in the aging choriocapillaris is accumulation of the membrane attack complex, which may result in complement-mediated CEC lysis, and may be a primary cause for AMD-associated choriocapillaris degeneration. The actions of elevated monomeric C-reactive protein in the choriocapillaris in at-risk individuals may also contribute to the inflammatory environment in the choroid and promote disease progression. Finally, we discuss the progress that has been made in the development of AMD therapies, with a focus on cell replacement.

/pdf/structural-and-molecular-changes-in-the-aging-choroid-2haoajf28a.pdf

Structural and molecular changes in the aging choroid: implications for age-related macular degeneration

Clinical Anatomy for Medical Students

The aim of this study was to determine number of ocular vortex veins, their scleral coordinates, and their relationship with nearby extraocular muscles. Sixty intact cadaver orbits having no history of eye or orbital disorders during life were carefully dissected under stereomicroscopic magnification to expose vortex veins and their exit sites from the eyeball. The number of vortex veins per eye varied from four to eight. Eyes having four (35%) or five (30%) vortex veins were observed most frequently. Three eyes (5%) had eight vortex veins. Although the incidence of the vortex veins was variable, there was at least one vein in each quadrant of the sclera. Knowledge of the approximate location of the vortex vein exit sites is very important for surgeons because damage to these veins during eye surgery could produce potential complications, especially choroidal detachment. Clin. Anat. 18:269–273, 2005. ' 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Vortex veins: anatomic investigations on human eyes.

The azygos system veins vary greatly in their mode of origin, course, tributaries, anastomoses and termination. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the types of azygos system in this study. Our research was made in Anatomy departments on 48 conserved cadavers aging between 27-70 years, of which 35 were males and 13 females. In the research, the diameters and levels of the azygos vein, the hemiazygos vein, the accessory hemiazygos vein and the superior intercostal vein were investigated. The subjects were classified in Anson's system with a basis of vertical and horizontal connections in the azygos venous system the classification included primitive or embryological types, transient type, unicolon type as three basic types and their eleven subgroups. According to this classification (amongst 48 cadavers), one (2.1%) of our subjects was found to be Type I, 44 (91.7%) of them were found to be Type II, and one (2.1%) was found to be Type III. These values were similar to those in the literature, however two (4.2%) subjects did not fit in any otherwise defined groups and were named as atypic group. It is very important to identify the variations of the azygos system in the computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of mediastinum. The abnormal azygos venous system may easily be confused with aneurysm, lymphadenopathy and other abnormalities like tumor. It is important to keep these kinds of variations in mind while performing the mediastinal operations or surgery of large vessels.

Anatomical analysis of azygos vein system in human cadavers.

During the dissection of the right and left upper limbs of a 70-year-old female cadaver, we encountered combined vascular anomalies. On the left side, we observed the presence of a lateral inferior superficial brachial artery, large anterior interosseous artery and an absence of a radial artery, which is quite a rare anomaly. The lateral inferior superficial brachial artery that arose 39 mm distal to the brachial artery descended to the wrist. The anterior interosseous artery originated from the brachial artery at the level of 12 mm distal to the head of the radius and descended on the anterior aspect of the interosseous membrane with the anterior interosseous branch of the median nerve. On the right side, a trifurcation of the brachial artery was observed. It gave off three terminal branches: the radial, ulnar and a muscular artery at the proximal one-third of the humerus. It is obvious that accurate information concerning unusual patterns of the arteries in the upper limbs is relevant clinically, especially in order to avoid accidental injury or intra-arterial injection.

Arterial variations of the upper extremities

Objectives:
Mandibular osteotomies and resection of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis are the mostly performed surgical procedures in the infratemporal fossa, which is in close proximity with the main trunk of the maxillary artery (MA). It is imperative to avoid the trunk or branches of the maxillary artery, otherwise, massive intraoperative or postoperative hemorrhage may develop. The goal of the study was to investigate the position of the maxillary artery in the infratemporal fossa and the lingula of the mandible.

/pdf/a-morphometric-study-of-the-maxillary-artery-and-lingula-in-145vzf82wt.pdf

A Morphometric Study of the Maxillary Artery and Lingula in Relation to Mandibular Ramus Osteotomies and TMJ Surgery.

A variation of the left inferior phrenic and left middle suprarenal arteries was detected in the back of the abdominal wall of a 25-year-old Turkish woman cadaver. Left inferior phrenic artery and left gastric artery originated from the celiac trunk via a common trunk. Left middle suprarenal artery also derived directly from the celiac trunk. Therefore the celiac trunk was formed by common hepatic artery, splenic artery, middle suprarenal artery and a common trunk. The case was evaluated in the point of surgery.

Necdet Kocabiyik

Papers

Vortex veins: anatomic investigations on human eyes.

Anatomical analysis of azygos vein system in human cadavers.

Arterial variations of the upper extremities

A Morphometric Study of the Maxillary Artery and Lingula in Relation to Mandibular Ramus Osteotomies and TMJ Surgery.

Variations of the branches of the celiac trunk