Hydrogen storage and delivery: Review of the state of the art technologies and risk and reliability analysis

Crude oil and petroleum products are widespread water and soil pollutants resulting from marine and terrestrial spillages. International statistics of oil spill sizes for all incidents indicate that the majority of oil spills are small (less than 7 tonnes). The major accidents that happen in the oil industry contribute only a small fraction of the total oil which enters the environment. However, the nature of accidental releases is that they highly pollute small areas and have the potential to devastate the biota locally. There are several routes by which oil can get back to humans from accidental spills, e.g. through accumulation in fish and shellfish, through consumption of contaminated groundwater. Although advances have been made in the prevention of accidents, this does not apply in all countries, and by the random nature of oil spill events, total prevention is not feasible. Therefore, considerable world-wide effort has gone into strategies for minimising accidental spills and the design of new remedial technologies. This paper summarizes new knowledge as well as research and technology gaps essential for developing appropriate decision-making tools in actual spill scenarios. Since oil exploration is being driven into deeper waters and more remote, fragile environments, the risk of future accidents becomes much higher. The innovative safety and accident prevention approaches summarized in this paper are currently important for a range of stakeholders, including the oil industry, the scientific community and the public. Ultimately an integrated approach to prevention and remediation that accelerates an early warning protocol in the event of a spill would get the most appropriate technology selected and implemented as early as possible – the first few hours after a spill are crucial to the outcome of the remedial effort. A particular focus is made on bioremediation as environmentally harmless, cost-effective and relatively inexpensive technology. Greater penetration into the remedial technologies market depends on the harmonization of environment legislation and the application of modern laboratory techniques, e.g. ecogenomics, to improve the predictability of bioremediation.

/pdf/oil-spill-problems-and-sustainable-response-strategies-3zsltptd74.pdf

Oil spill problems and sustainable response strategies through new technologies

A review on pipeline integrity management utilizing in-line inspection data

Distribution of heavy metals and metalloids in bulk and particle size fractions of soils from coal-mine brownfield and implications on human health.

Cr(VI)-contaminated groundwater remediation with simulated permeable reactive barrier (PRB) filled with natural pyrite as reactive material: Environmental factors and effectiveness.

https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=912116

Fatigue Crack Growth of Two X52 Pipeline Steels in a Pressurized Hydrogen Environment

https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=910899

Modeling the fatigue crack growth of X100 pipeline steel in gaseous hydrogen

http://www.glue.umd.edu/~aydilek/papers/Enc.pdf

CCB-based encapsulation of pyrite for remediation of acid mine drainage.

A phenomenological fatigue crack growth (FCG) model has been proposed to predict the FCG of API-5L X100 steel in high-pressure gaseous hydrogen [1]. The model presumes that total FCG is a summation of a “pure” fatigue component and a hydrogen-assisted (HA) component. The hydrogen-assisted fatigue component is further divided into two regimes. The first regime is dominated by the stress-assisted hydrogen concentration within the fatigue process zone, while the second regime is controlled by the far-field steady-state hydrogen concentration. This work outlines the process entailed in model calibration to X52 steel in gaseous hydrogen. Model applicability to multiple materials, having differing microstructure and characteristic length scales, will be discussed in light of the model parameters and potential FCG mechanisms. INTRODUCTION Hydrogen is envisioned as a key component of a future sustainable energy society. Whether used as a “greening” agent in natural gas (through hydrogen doping) [2], or as an energy carrier, hydrogen transport via steel pipelines is the most likely method of distribution [3]. However, hydrogen adversely affects the fatigue and fracture properties of carbon steel pipelines [4]. As such, extensive experimental data and predictive models are required to enable the design and installation of steel pipelines prior to the realization of a nationwide hydrogen distribution system. A FCG model was created to predict crack propagation in X100 steels exposed to high-pressure hydrogen as a function of hydrogen pressure and applied driving force [1]. The Stage II FCG model, ( ) EQ. 1 is based upon the hypothesis that the total FCG, , is a result of the superposition of fatigue in air (or an inert environment), , and hydrogen-assisted (HA) fatigue, . The Dirac delta function is used to

Fatigue Crack Growth of Pipeline Steels in Gaseous Hydrogen- Predictive Model Calibrated to API-5L X52

Testing the fatigue crack growth of materials at low frequencies and realistic stress intensity factors has historically demanded a large investment in time. Running a test at a frequency less than 1 Hz can take weeks, and if meaningful statistics are needed, 2–3 months might be necessary to provide one set of data on the fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR). A means of reducing that time frame by testing as many as 10 specimens simultaneously is presented. With this innovative design, compact tension specimens are run in series and according to ASTM Standard E647. Furthermore, there is no need to interrupt the fatigue testing of the linked specimens should one or more finish before the others. Specimens tested in this fashion generate consistent data of FCGR.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs40799-016-0045-5.pdf

Neha Rustagi

Papers

Fatigue Crack Growth of Two X52 Pipeline Steels in a Pressurized Hydrogen Environment

Modeling the fatigue crack growth of X100 pipeline steel in gaseous hydrogen

CCB-based encapsulation of pyrite for remediation of acid mine drainage.

Fatigue Crack Growth of Pipeline Steels in Gaseous Hydrogen- Predictive Model Calibrated to API-5L X52

Apparatus for Accelerating Measurements of Environmentally Assisted Fatigue Crack Growth at Low Frequency