The existence of a number of different species of Leishmania, the persistent increase in the infection rate of diseases caused by this parasite (tegumentary and visceral forms), the different epidemiological situations found in regions of both recent and older colonization, and the trend towards urbanization have led to the adoption of different strategies to control leishmaniases in Brazil. The control measures involve studies related to the parasite, vectors, sources of infection (animal and human), clinical aspects, geographical distribution, historical and socioeconomic factors, integration of health services, and adequate technologies for diagnosis, treatment, and immunoprophylaxis. Finally, successful control requires work with human communities, involving education, provision of information, health promotion, and participation of these communities in the planning, development, and maintenance of control programs.

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Tegumentary and visceral leishmaniases in Brazil: emerging anthropozoonosis and possibilities for their control

The clinical records of 182 patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis probably due to Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis are analysed. 68% had a single lesion which was usually an ulceron the lower anterior tibial third. Many had short histories of one to two months and all age groups were represented 13% had closed lesions of a verrucose or plaque like nature. Evolution of these skin lesions after treatment was related to the regularity of antimony therapy. Although healing usually occurred in three months, the time to scarring after commencing treatment was variable and related to the size ofthe lesion (p < 0.01). Usually if sufficient antimony treatment was given the lesion closed. Seven of the ten patients with initially negative leishmanin skin tests converted to positive after treatment. A significant decline of indirect fluorescent antibody titres occurred in patients followed, during and after therapy.

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Human mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in Três Braços, Bahia - Brazil: an area of Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis transmission. II. Cutaneous disease. Presentation and evolution

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of demographic, socioeconomic, environmental, maternal reproductive, dietary, and nutritional variables on diarrhea risk and prognosis using a hierarchical framework A case-control study of children aged 0-23 months in Greater Metropolitan Porto Alegre was conducted during the peak season for diarrhea in 1987-1988 Three groups were investigated, with 192 children each The first group included hospitalized children with an episode of acute diarrhea complicated by moderate to severe dehydration The second group included children with acute mild diarrhea without signs of dehydration who were identified in the same neighborhood as hospitalized cases The third group consisted of controls without diarrhea Mothers were interviewed by trained interviewers using a standardized questionnaire Data analysis included a hierarchical approach to control for confounding, using conditional logistic regression Comparison of the three groups aimed to identify risk factors for diarrhea complicated by dehydration, prognostic factors for dehydration, and risk factors for mild diarrhea Low birth weight, stunting, and lack or breastfeeding acted simultaneously as risk and prognostic factors for diarrhea

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Risk and prognostic factors for diarrheal disease in Brazilian infants: a special case-control design application

An outbreak of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) was detected in the village of Canoa in 1993. A prospective observational study was outlined to determine the frequency rates and to clinically characterize the disease. A total of 555 people were followed up. There were 29 cases of ACL, 11 cases of probably previous ACL (scars) and 529 healthy individuals. Of these 529 individuals, 65 had a positive Montenegro reaction without any present or past evidence of leishmaniasis. The prevalence of ACL during the two years was 5.2% (29/555). The leishmania involved was Leishmania braziliensis and the vector, Lutzomyia intermedia. Evidence of infection was detected in dogs and horses. The high frequency of the disease among children under ten years, the similar sex distribution of cases and a component of familial aggregation suggest a peri- or intra-domiciliary transmission.

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Surto de leishmaniose tegumentar americana em Canoa, Santo Amaro, Bahia, Brasil

From January 1995 to June 1996, ticks were studied in a fragment of Atlantic Forest in a residential area in the city of Itapevi, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Cases of human Lyme disease-like illness were registered in this area during the spring of 1992. The monthly relative density of ticks was determined and the influence of seasonal climatic conditions was evaluated as well as the relationship between ticks and hosts. Ticks (n = 88) were collected from small mammals captured (n = 134) in monthly trappings where the traps were operated for five consecutive days. Immature ticks (n = 42, 47.7%) were identified as Ixodes spp. The adult ticks (n = 46, 52.3%) were identified as Ixodes didelphidis Fonseca and Aragao (n = 19, 21.6%), I. loricatus Neumann (n = 26, 29.5%) and Amblyomma cajennense (F.) (n = 1, 1.1%). The monthly correlations between tick numbers and meteorological data were not significant. The correlation between the different stages of ticks and the two seasons (cold-dry and warm-rainy) indicated that both immature and adult ticks showed a seasonal pattern of abundance. The highest numbers of immature ticks were observed on rodents, during the cold-dry season (from April to September) with a peak in August 1995. Adults ticks were predominant during the warm-rainy season (from October to March) with a peak in January 1995. Adult ticks were only collected on marsupials.

Parasitism by Ixodes didelphidis and I. loricatus (Acari: Ixodidae) on Small Wild Mammals from an Atlantic Forest in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil

Ectoparasites collected from wild mammals of Ilha Grande, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, are listed. The most frequent species of mammal was Proechimys dimidiatus (Gunther, 1877); Gigantolaelaps oudemansi Fonseca, 1939 and Polygenis lakoi Guimaraes, 1948 were the predominant species of acari and fleas, respectively.

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Ectoparasitos de roedores e marsupiais no ambiente silvestre de Ilha Grande, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Durante 1987, nas regioes sul e central do Estado de Roraima, foram realizadas coletas de flebotomineos nas bases de arvores e em armadilhas CDC colocadas a 1,5 e 10m de altura do solo. Foram obtidos 2812 especimes, de 45 especies: 35 na regiao sul e 27 na regiao cental; 18 especies foram comuns as duas areas e 21 estao sendo aqui assinaladas pela primeira vez no Estado. A presente publicacao eleva a 54 o numero de especies conhecidad no Estado.

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Flebotomíneos (Diptera: Psychodidae) no estado de Roraima, Brasil: I. espécies coletadas nas regiões sul e central

During an outbreak of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in Praia Vermelha, Ilha Grande (Great Island) in the county of Angra dos Reis, State of Rio de Janeiro, 4.192 species of Phlebotomus were collected in domestic and wild environment with the use of animal baits and other natural shelters from January 1976 to April 1977. In a total of 11 species collected, 2.493 samples of Lutzomyia intermedia, 1.594 of Lutzomyia migonei and 105 samples of other species were found. The Lutzomyia intermedia presented a higher density in human dwellings, while the Lutzomyia migonei presented better results with animal baits and chicken-coops. The sinantropism and high density found in the houses incriminate the species L. intermedia and L. migonei as the probable vectors of Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis in Ilha Grande.

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Leishmaniose tegumentar americana na Ilha Grande. Rio de Janeiro: V. Observações sobre a biologia dos transmissores em condiçoes naturais

For the firs t time i t has been detetect
Lutzomyia longipalpis a t Praia Vermelha,
a beach o f an offshore island o f the Rio de
Janeiro State (Ilha Grande), Brazil and attention
must be paid to its possible epidemiological
importance

http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rsbmt/v14n1/07.pdf

Nota sobre a presença de Lutzomyia Longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) na Ilha Grande, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

For the study of time frequency of the principal vectors of the Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis in the Ilha Grande (Great Island), from 1976 to 1977 we made four catches in 24 hours with animal bait (dog) in the outdoors and five catches in just one house of the area. It was found that the species Lutzomyia intermedia occurred during the whole night a steady density in human dwellings, while the species Lutzomyia migonei presented greater density at dawn, in catches with animal bait (dog). in a 156 hours' study on monthly variation, from March 1976 to February 1977, a specie Lutzomyia intermedia appeared during the whole year, the months of April, May, October and December being those of greater density while the specie Lutzomyia migonei had a low density even disappearing in September. The high densities of the species Lutzomyia intermedia and Lutzomyia migonei indica te them as the probable vectors of the mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in Ilha Grande.

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Nelson A. Araújo Filho

Papers

Ectoparasitos de roedores e marsupiais no ambiente silvestre de Ilha Grande, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Flebotomíneos (Diptera: Psychodidae) no estado de Roraima, Brasil: I. espécies coletadas nas regiões sul e central

Leishmaniose tegumentar americana na Ilha Grande. Rio de Janeiro: V. Observações sobre a biologia dos transmissores em condiçoes naturais

Nota sobre a presença de Lutzomyia Longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) na Ilha Grande, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Leishmaniose tegumentar americana na Ilha Grande, Rio de Janeiro: VI. observações sobre a freqüência horária e variação mensal dos transmissores