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Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Of Plants

Titanium (Ti) is considered a beneficial element for plant growth. Ti applied via roots or leaves at low concentrations has been documented to improve crop performance through stimulating the activity of certain enzymes, enhancing chlorophyll content and photosynthesis, promoting nutrient uptake, strengthening stress tolerance, and improving crop yield and quality. Commercial fertilizers containing Ti, such as Tytanit and Mg-Titanit, have been used as biostimulants for improving crop production; however, mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects still remain unclear. In this article, we propose that the beneficial roles Ti plays in plants lie in its interaction with other nutrient elements primarily iron (Fe). Fe and Ti have synergistic and antagonistic relationships. When plants experience Fe deficiency, Ti helps induce the expression of genes related to Fe acquisition, thereby enhancing Fe uptake and utilization and subsequently improving plant growth. Plants may have proteins that either specifically or nonspecifically bind with Ti. When Ti concentration is high in plants, Ti competes with Fe for ligands or proteins. The competition could be severe, resulting in Ti phytotoxicity. As a result, the beneficial effects of Ti become more pronounced during the time when plants experience low or deficient Fe supply.

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Titanium as a Beneficial Element for Crop Production

Engineered nanomaterials for plant growth and development: A perspective analysis.

Effects of cold plasma treatment on seed germination, seedling growth, antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation levels and osmotic-adjustment products of oilseed rape under drought stress were investigated in a drought-sensitive (Zhongshuang 7) and drought-tolerant cultivar (Zhongshuang 11). Results showed that, under drought stress, cold plasma treatment significantly improved the germination rate by 6.25% in Zhongshuang 7, and 4.44% in Zhongshuang 11. Seedling growth characteristics, including shoot and root dry weights, shoot and root lengths, and lateral root number, significantly increased after cold plasma treatment. The apparent contact angle was reduced by 30.38% in Zhongshuang 7 and 16.91% in Zhongshuang 11. Cold plasma treatment markedly raised superoxide dismutase and catalase activities by 17.71% and 16.52% in Zhongshuang 7, and by 13.00% and 13.21% in Zhongshuang 11. Moreover, cold plasma treatment significantly increased the soluble sugar and protein contents, but reduced the malondialdehyde content in seedlings. Our results suggested that cold plasma treatment improved oilseed rape drought tolerance by improving antioxidant enzyme activities, increasing osmotic-adjustment products, and reducing lipid peroxidation, especially in the drought-sensitive cultivar (Zhongshuang 7). Thus, cold plasma treatment can be used in an ameliorative way to improve germination and protect oilseed rape seedlings against damage caused by drought stress.

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Cold plasma treatment enhances oilseed rape seed germination under drought stress.

https://www.tpbin.com/Uploads/Subjects/432ab8a0-4a12-4ded-a875-50ea735e0db4.pdf

Methylene blue adsorption onto swede rape straw (Brassica napus L.) modified by tartaric acid: equilibrium, kinetic and adsorption mechanisms.

Recently nano-materials are widely used but they have shown contrasting effects on human and plant life. Keeping in view the contrasting results, the present study has evaluated plant growth response, antioxidant system activity and photosynthetic apparatus physiological and ultrastructural changes in Brassica napus L. plants grown under a wide range (0, 500, 2500, 4000 mg/l) of nano-TiO2 in a pot experiment. Nano-TiO2 has significantly improved the morphological and physiological indices of oilseed rape plants under our experimental conditions. All the parameters i-e morphological (root length, plant height, fresh biomass), physiological (photosynthetic gas exchange, chlorophyll content, nitrate reductase activity) and antioxidant system (Superoxide dismutase, SOD; Guaiacol peroxidase, POD; Catalase, CAT) recorded have shown improvement in their performance by following nano-TiO2 dose-dependent manner. No significant chloroplast ultra-structural changes were observed. Transmission electron microscopic images have shown that intact & typical grana and stroma thylakoid membranes were in the chloroplast, which suggest that nano-TiO2 has not induced the stressful environment within chloroplast. Finally, it is suggested that, nano-TiO2 have growth promoting effect on oilseed rape plants.

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Nano-TiO2 Is Not Phytotoxic As Revealed by the Oilseed Rape Growth and Photosynthetic Apparatus Ultra-Structural Response.

Rapeseed is one of the most important edible oil crops in the world and the seed yield has lagged behind the increasing demand driven by population growth. Winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) is widely cultivated with relatively low yield in China, so it is necessary to find the strategies to improve the expression of yield potential. Planting density has great effects on seed yield of crops. Hence, field experiments were conducted in Wuhan in the Yangtze River basin with one conventional variety (Zhongshuang 11, ZS11) and one hybrid variety (Huayouza 9, HYZ9) at five planting densities (27.0×104, 37.5×104, 48.0×104, 58.5×104, 69.0×104 plants ha–1) during 2010–2012 to investigate the yield components. The physiological traits for high-yield and normal-yield populations were measured during 2011–2013. Our results indicated that planting densities of 58.5×104 plants ha–1 in ZS11 and 48.0×104 plants ha–1 in HYZ9 have significantly higher yield compared with the density of 27.0×104 plants ha–1for both varieties. The ideal silique numbers for ZS11 and HYZ9 were ∼0.9×104 (n m–2) and ∼1×104 (n m-2), respectively, and ideal primary branches for ZS11 and HYZ9 were ∼250 (n m–2) and ∼300 (n m–2), respectively. The highest leaf area index (LAI) and silique wall area index (SAI) was ∼5.0 and 7.0, respectively. Moreover, higher leaf net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and water use efficiency (WUE) were observed in the high-yield populations. A significantly higher level of silique wall photosynthesis and rapid dry matter accumulation were supposed to result in the maximum seed yield. Our results suggest that increasing the planting density within certain range is a feasible approach for higher seed yield in winter rapeseed in China.

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Ideotype Population Exploration: Growth, Photosynthesis, and Yield Components at Different Planting Densities in Winter Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.)

Earthworms enhanced winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) growth and nitrogen uptake

In this study, the yield and yield components were studied using a conventional variety Zhongshuang 11 (ZS 11) and a hybrid variety Zhongyouza 12 (ZYZ 12) at varying plant densities. The increase in plant density led to an initial increase in seed yield and pod numbers per unit area, followed by a decrease. The optimal plant density was 58.5 × 104 plants ha-1 in both ZS 11 and ZYZ 12. The further researches on physiological traits showed a rapid decrease in the green leaf area index (GLAI) and chlorophyll content and a remarkable increase in malondialdehyde content in high plant density (HPD) population than did the low plant density (LPD) population, which indicated the rapid leaf senescence. However, HPD had higher values in terms of pod area index (PAI), pod photosynthesis, and radiation use efficiency (RUE) after peak anthesis. A significantly higher level of dry matter accumulation and nitrogen utilization efficiency were observed, which resulted in higher yield. HPD resulted in a rapid decrease in root morphological parameters (root length, root tips, root surface area, and root volume). These results suggested that increasing the plant density within a certain range was a promising option for high seed yield in winter rapeseed in China.

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Leaf Senescence, Root Morphology, and Seed Yield of Winter Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.) at Varying Plant Densities.

AM1 (ABA-mimicking ligand) is a newly identified signaling molecule for plants during drought tolerance. To investigate the potential role of AM1 in response of rapeseed to drought stress, we conducted experiments by growing rapeseed plants under different levels of drought stress with or without applying AM1 or ABA in a rain shelter. The results indicated that drought significantly inhibited rapeseed growth by damaging the photosynthesis system, increasing active oxygen accumulation, destroying the oxidative system, and worsening membrane lipid peroxidation. Exogenously applied AM1 and ABA both relieved the damage to rapeseed that was induced by drought stress. Compared with the drought-treated rapeseed, the AM1 treatment significantly improved plant height, number of green leaves, root collar thickness, leaf area, dry matter weight, and root cap ratios of rapeseed. In addition, Pn, Gs, Ci, Tr were significantly increased by the AM1 treatment. The AM1 treatment also alleviated the drought-induced reductions in Fv/Fm, ΦPSII, qN and ETR; induced an increase in NPQ; and resulted in decreased active oxygen accumulation and membrane lipid peroxidation. Although the ABA treatment relieved photosynthetic fluorescence and antioxidation system parameters to some extent, the effect was inferior to AM1 treatment. Yield under AM1 treatment was higher than that under ABA treatment but was still far lower than that of normal water supply control. In summary, AM1 is functionally similar to ABA in terms of drought relief and regulation, moreover has a better effect.

Ni Ma

Papers

Nano-TiO2 Is Not Phytotoxic As Revealed by the Oilseed Rape Growth and Photosynthetic Apparatus Ultra-Structural Response.

Ideotype Population Exploration: Growth, Photosynthesis, and Yield Components at Different Planting Densities in Winter Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.)

Earthworms enhanced winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) growth and nitrogen uptake

Leaf Senescence, Root Morphology, and Seed Yield of Winter Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.) at Varying Plant Densities.

Resilience of oilseed rape plants to drought stress after exogenous application of AM1, an ABA-mimicking ligand