2.5. Stabilization of IL Emulsions by Nanoparticles 2623 3. Hydrogenations in ILs 2623 3.1. Hydrogenation on IL-Stabilized Nanoparticles 2623 3.1.1. Hydrogenation of 1,3-Butadiene 2623 3.1.2. Hydrogenation of Alkenes and Arenes 2624 3.1.3. Hydrogenation of Ketones 2624 3.2. Homogeneous Catalytic Hydrogenation in ILs 2624 3.3. Hydrogenation of Functionalized ILs 2625 3.3.1. Selective Hydrogenation of Polymers 2625 3.4. Asymmetric Hydrogenations 2626 3.4.1. Enantioselective Hydrogenation 2626 3.5. Role of the ILs Purity in Hydrogenation Reactions 2628

Catalysis in ionic liquids

Practical methodologies for the synthesis of indoles.

Roger Sheldon (1942) received a PhD in organic chemistry from the University of Leicester (UK) in 1967. This was followed by post-doctoral studies with Prof. Jay Kochi in the U.S. From 1969 to 1980 he was with Shell Research in Amsterdam and from 1980 to 1990 he was R&D Director of DSM Andeno. In 1991 he moved to his present position as Professor of organic chemistry and catalysis at the Delft University of Technology (The Netherlands). His primary research interests are in the application of catalytic methodologies—homogeneous, heterogeneous and enzymatic—in organic synthesis, particularly in relation to fine chemicals production. He developed the concepts of E factors and atom utilization for assessing the environmental impact of chemical processes.

Biocatalysis in ionic liquids

This review gives a survey on the latest most representative developments and progress concerning ionic liquids, from their fundamental properties to their applications in catalytic processes. It also highlights their emerging use for biomass treatment and transformation.

Ionic liquids and catalysis: Recent progress from knowledge to applications

Green solvents for sustainable organic synthesis: state of the art

Biodegradable ionic liquids : Part II. Effect of the anion and toxicology

Ionic liquids are highly polar solvents with negligible vapour pressure and low flammability that offer a potentially “green” alternative to volatile organic compounds (VOCs). However in order to confidently label this class of solvents as “green”, their affect on the environment must be thoroughly examined. As a result various toxicity, ecotoxicity and biodegradation studies have been carried out on ionic liquids. Although toxicity evaluations of ionic liquids have been widely reported in the literature, biodegradation data are comparatively scarce. In this tutorial review we present an overview of studies into the biodegradability of ionic liquids, including the various methods of biodegradation assessment, trends observed for structurally related ionic liquids, and applications of biodegradable ionic liquids in synthetic chemistry.

Biodegradation studies of ionic liquids

http://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/18375/1/Gathergood_Nicholas_et_al.pdf

Biodegradable ionic liquids: Part I. Concept, preliminary targets and evaluation

The importance of biodegradation data as part of the design of safer chemicals is presented using ionic liquids (ILs) as a model study. Structural features that promote/impede IL biodegradation, IL design strategies, methods of biodegradation analysis, properties of IL/surfactant derivatives and computational methods of predicting biodegradation are discussed. The importance of metabolite studies as part of biodegradation assays is highlighted. The relevance of applying the lessons learned developing biodegradable ILs to other chemical classes is proposed. A comprehensive appendix of IL biodegradation data published since 2010 (∼300 ILs) has been compiled.

/pdf/biodegradation-of-ionic-liquids-a-critical-review-1f78e7cxix.pdf

Nicholas Gathergood

Papers

Biodegradable ionic liquids : Part II. Effect of the anion and toxicology

Biodegradation studies of ionic liquids

Biodegradable ionic liquids: Part I. Concept, preliminary targets and evaluation

Biodegradation of ionic liquids – a critical review

Biodegradable ionic liquids : Part III. The first readily biodegradable ionic liquids