1. Place animal in induction chamber and anesthetize the mouse and ensure sedation. 2. Once the animal is sedated, move it to a nose cone for hair removal using cream. Only apply cream to the area of the chest that will be utilized for imaging. Once the hair is removed, wipe area with wet gauze to ensure all hair is removed. 3. Move the animal to the imaging platform and tape its paws to the ECG lead plates and insert rectal probe. Body temperature should be maintained at 36-37°C. During imaging, reduce anesthesia to maintain proper heart rate. If the animal shows signs of being awake, use a higher concentration of anesthetic.

人唾液天疱疮抗原的纯化

Purpose – The paper seeks to demonstrate the use of a range of perspectives and methods to evaluate eParticipation initiatives. It aims to argue that there is a need for coherent evaluation frameworks employing such perspectives and methods, the better to understand current eParticipation applications and learn from these experiences.Design/methodology/approach – A case study of eParticipation evaluation for four local authority led projects from the “top down” stream of the UK Local e‐Democracy National Project is presented.Findings – Applying the eParticipation framework resulted in an assessment that was considered fair by participants. However, the framework needs further development. More consideration needs to be placed on how and when to use tools in which contexts, also, on how to combine tools to enable inclusive engagement. The evaluation timescale meant important aspects of the framework were downplayed.Research limitations/implications – Further research is needed in two main areas; first, on ...

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Towards an evaluation framework for eParticipation

Electronic petitions can serve as an influential mechanism for political participation. We present a study on the dynamics in the German e-petition system which was introduced in late 2008. Drawing on a data set of signatures, we analyze four aspects: (a) the types of petitions found, (b) the temporal dynamics of petitions, (c) the types of users found, and (d) the intersection of different petitions' supporter populations. We present evidence that (a) the system is dominated by a very small number of high-volume petitions and (b) these high-volume petitions have a delayed boosting effect on the base activity in the petition system. We furthermore (c) present a typology of users, showing that although highly active “new lobbyists” and “hit-and-run activists” exist, one- or two-time petitioners have the largest impact. Finally, it is indicated that (d) many of the high-volume petitions share a significant part of their user base, hinting at a complex, topically motivated network of supporters. Through the application of methods from what has been called “Computational Social Sciences,” we illuminate a highly relevant field of political behavior online, while demonstrating the capability of data-driven approaches in such novel domains.

The Political Click : Political Participation through E-Petitions in Germany

Given the ever expanding use of information and communication technologies by governments in their efforts to re-invigorate representative democracy and engage with citizens, there is a need to better understand current eParticipation applications and learn from these experiences. Although there appears much enthusiasm for eDemocracy initiatives at local government level, the objectives of different systems are quite diverse, as stakeholders tend to view them differently and have varying expectations. This paper describes methods and results from the evaluation of eParticipation projects conducted under the UK Local eDemocracy National Project. We argue that eParticipation evaluation is in its infancy and there is a need to develop a coherent evaluation framework, encompassing a range of methods and perspectives. Our evaluation of four local authority led projects demonstrates the importance, but also the barriers to using a multi-disciplinary approach. The evaluation results presented here start to develop an understanding of how various stakeholders perceive local eDemocracy and, as such, how ICTs can both affect and effect local democracy.

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Evaluating how eparticipation changes local democracy

This article assesses how the planning reforms in the UK, focused on the creation of local development frameworks (LDFs), are being put into practice and how the changes are helping to achieve Gove...

Achieving successful participation in the new UK spatial planning system

This paper is about the development and use of an ontology of e-government services. We identify the knowledge required to deliver e-government transaction services. Based on the SmartGov project, we describe the use of a domain map to assist in knowledge management and motivate the use of an ontology as a domain map. We describe the development of the e-government service ontology and give a few examples of its definitions. We explain why the SmartGov project has adopted taxonomies, derived from the ontology, as its domain map. We highlight issues in ontology development and maintenance.

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Knowledge management applied to e-government services: the use of an ontology

In this paper we present an ontology for transaction services built upon an established ontology for corporate knowledge called the Enterprise Ontology. We introduce the SmartGov platform for the ‘Smart’ deployment of online services for Public Authorities (PAs) whose requirement of a model of PAs has motivated the ontology, and describe our approach to constructing it. After presenting the ontology we then relate it to the pilot application areas in which the SmartGov platform will be trialed and evaluated. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Towards an ontology for electronic transaction services

This paper takes as background voter apathy and the emergence of petitions as a mechanism for political activity and considers the role of e-petitioning. It describes how an e-Petitioning System is being used to support the Scottish Parliament’s four key principles of: sharing power; accountability; access and participation; and equal opportunities. It highlights the increasing uptake of e-petitions and the gradual understanding of how the integrated discussion forum can be used to facilitate dialogue on issues raised.

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E-Petitioning: Enabling Ground-Up Participation

Epetitioning in the Scottish Parliament

In this paper we compare and contrast the issues of providing conventional against electronic services within Public Authorities (PAs). We present a model suggesting the three dimensions to electronic service delivery are motivation, organisation, and technology (the MOT of service delivery). We observe that the motivations affecting service delivery differ greatly between PAs and commercial organisations, with PAs having certain obligations and responsibilities as to the services that they provide that do not constrain commercial companies. We argue that technologically many lessons learned by commercial organisations can be immensely valuable to PAs, and conclude that the key barrier to effective electronic service delivery within PAs is their culture and organisation.

Nicholas J. Adams

Papers

Knowledge management applied to e-government services: the use of an ontology

Towards an ontology for electronic transaction services

E-Petitioning: Enabling Ground-Up Participation

Epetitioning in the Scottish Parliament

Conventional and electronic service delivery within Public authorities: The issues and lessons from the private sector