http://faculty.wwu.edu/~shulld/ESCI%20101/Andrady2011Plastics.pdf

Microplastics in the marine environment

Thereisgrowinginterestinthepossiblehealththreatposedbyendocrine-disruptingchemicals (EDCs), which are substances in our environment, food, and consumer products that interfere with hormone biosynthesis, metabolism, or action resulting in a deviation from normal homeostatic control or reproduction. In this first Scientific Statement of The Endocrine Society, we present the evidence that endocrine disruptors have effects on male and female reproduction, breast development and cancer, prostate cancer, neuroendocrinology, thyroid, metabolism and obesity, and cardiovascular endocrinology. Results from animal models, human clinical observations, and epidemiological studies converge to implicate EDCs as a significant concern to public health. The mechanisms of EDCs involve divergent pathways including (but not limited to) estrogenic, antiandrogenic, thyroid, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor , retinoid, and actions through other nuclear receptors; steroidogenic enzymes; neurotransmitter receptors and systems; and many other pathways that are highly conserved in wildlife and humans, and which can be modeled in laboratory in vitro and in vivo models. Furthermore, EDCs represent a broad class of molecules such as organochlorinated pesticides and industrial chemicals, plastics and plasticizers, fuels, and many other chemicals that are present in the environment or are in widespread use. We make a number of recommendations to increase understanding of effects of EDCs, including enhancing increased basic and clinical research, invoking the precautionary principle, and advocating involvement of individual and scientific society stakeholders in communicating and implementing changes in public policy and awareness. (Endocrine Reviews 30: 293–342, 2009)

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Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement

Core/Shell Nanoparticles: Classes, Properties, Synthesis Mechanisms, Characterization, and Applications

For decades, studies of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have challenged traditional concepts in toxicology, in particular the dogma of “the dose makes the poison,” because EDCs can have effects at low doses that are not predicted by effects at higher doses. Here, we review two major concepts in EDC studies: low dose and nonmonotonicity. Low-dose effects were defined by the National Toxicology Program as those that occur in the range of human exposures or effects observed at doses below those used for traditional toxicological studies. We review the mechanistic data for low-dose effects and use a weight-of-evidence approach to analyze five examples from the EDC literature. Additionally, we explore nonmonotonic dose-response curves, defined as a nonlinear relationship between dose and effect where the slope of the curve changes sign somewhere within the range of doses examined. We provide a detailed discussion of the mechanisms responsible for generating these phenomena, plus hundreds of examples from...

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Hormones and endocrine-disrupting chemicals: Low-dose effects and nonmonotonic dose responses

The loss of chromosomal integrity from DNA double-strand breaks introduced into mammalian cells by ionizing radiation results in the specific phosphorylation of histone H2AX on serine residue 139, yielding a specific modified form named γ-H2AX. An antibody prepared to the unique region of human γ-H2AX shows that H2AX homologues are phosphorylated not only in irradiated mammalian cells but also in irradiated cells from other species, including Xenopus laevis, Drosophila melanogaster, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The antibody reveals that γ-H2AX appears as discrete nuclear foci within 1 min after exposure of cells to ionizing radiation. The numbers of these foci are comparable to the numbers of induced DNA double-strand breaks. When DNA double-strand breaks are introduced into specific partial nuclear volumes of cells by means of a pulsed microbeam laser, γ-H2AX foci form at these sites. In mitotic cells from cultures exposed to nonlethal amounts of ionizing radiation, γ-H2AX foci form band-like structures on chromosome arms and on the end of broken arms. These results offer direct visual confirmation that γ-H2AX forms en masse at chromosomal sites of DNA double-strand breaks. The results further suggest the possible existence of units of higher order chromatin structure involved in monitoring DNA integrity.

/pdf/megabase-chromatin-domains-involved-in-dna-double-strand-1pw1vrkkae.pdf

Megabase chromatin domains involved in DNA double-strand breaks in vivo.

A direct connection between certain lifestyle factors and an increased risk of cancer has already been established Despite well-documented associations, controversial messages on causes of cancer often appear without taking into consideration their impact on the general population While mainstream coverage of cancer research is clearly welcome, consideration must be given to the risk of transmitting provocative messages with serious negative consequences for cancer research and public health We must avoid becoming a breeding ground for the misinterpretation of scientific information Polemical results can stimulate scientific research and progress, but controversial messages encourage confusion and impotence in an increasingly disoriented population The correct communication of health messages is at least as important as research on risk factors

http://koreascience.or.kr:80/article/JAKO201528551642381.pdf

Controversial Messages on Cancer.

La prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad se ha incrementado de manera notable en las ultimas decadas, constituyendo un gran problema de salud publica. El desequilibrio del balance energetico, consecuencia de una alta ingesta calorica y un bajo gasto energetico, es incapaz de explicar por si solo este incremento, de manera que otros factores conductuales, geneticos y ambientales deben estar jugando un papel importante. La hipotesis clinica de disrupcion endocrina sugiere que la exposicion humana a contaminantes ambientales-disruptores endocrinos (DE) con actividad como “obesogenos”, interfiere de forma inapropiada sobre el metabolismo lipidico y la adipogenesis, entre otros mecanismos, promoviendo el sobrepeso y la obesidad. El catalogo completo de residuos quimicos que pueden contribuir a esta hipotesis ambiental no esta aun establecido, aunque ya se conocen algunos compuestos obesogenos. La identificacion de sustancias quimicas directamente relacionadas con el desarrollo de obesidad y sus complicaciones metabolicas contribuiria a establecer y mejorar las recomendaciones y exigencias de los estamentos publicos y privados para la seguridad alimentaria y de bienes de consumo y, en definitiva, las politicas en salud publica.

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Obesógenos ¿Una nueva amenaza para la salud pública?

The combined effect of environmental hormones and the risk of hormone dependent diseases

In the last years, the variety and consumption of cosmetics and personal care products (PCPs) have greatly increased, although the long-term adverse effects to low doses of chemicals used in their production and with proven hormone-mimicking properties have been still poorly addressed. Among these endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), parabens, benzophenones, bisphenols, and phthalates are the most widely found in these products. Given the estrogenic-dependent nature of the endometrium, it has been hypothesized the potential contribution of these EDCs contained in cosmetics and PCPs in the risk of endometriosis. In this book chapter, we have summarized the current evidence supporting this hypothesis, highlighting epidemiological, in vivo, and in vitro studies that have addressed the potential influence of parabens, benzophenones, bisphenols, and phthalates in the origin and progression of this chronic feminine disease.

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Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Cosmetics and Personal Care Products and Risk of Endometriosis

/pdf/exposure-to-non-persistent-pesticides-and-sexual-maturation-3gl9zcq0.pdf

Nicolás Olea

Papers

Controversial Messages on Cancer.

Obesógenos ¿Una nueva amenaza para la salud pública?

The combined effect of environmental hormones and the risk of hormone dependent diseases

Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Cosmetics and Personal Care Products and Risk of Endometriosis

Exposure to non-persistent pesticides and sexual maturation of Spanish adolescent males.