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Table Of Integrals Series And Products

Semiactive control devices have received significant attention in recent years because they offer the adaptability of active control devices without requiring the associated large power sources. Magnetorheological (MR) dampers are semiactive control devices that use MR fluids to produce controllable dampers. They potentially offer highly reliable operation and can be viewed as fail-safe in that they become passive dampers should the control hardware malfunction. To develop control algorithms that take full advantage of the unique features of the MR damper, models must be developed that can adequately characterize the damper's intrinsic nonlinear behavior. Following a review of several idealized mechanical models for controllable fluid dampers, a new model is proposed that can effectively portray the behavior of a typical MR damper. Comparison with experimental results for a prototype damper indicates that the model is accurate over a wide range of operating conditions and is adequate for control design an...

Phenomenological model for magnetorheological dampers

This tutorial/survey paper: (1) provides a concise point of departure for researchers and practitioners alike wishing to assess the current state of the art in the control and monitoring of civil engineering structures; and (2) provides a link between structural control and other fields of control theory, pointing out both differences and similarities, and points out where future research and application efforts are likely to prove fruitful. The paper consists of the following sections: section 1 is an introduction; section 2 deals with passive energy dissipation; section 3 deals with active control; section 4 deals with hybrid and semiactive control systems; section 5 discusses sensors for structural control; section 6 deals with smart material systems; section 7 deals with health monitoring and damage detection; and section 8 deals with research needs. An extensive list of references is provided in the references section.

Structural control: past, present, and future

Dynamics of structures

Control of civil engineering structures for earthquake hazard mitigation represents a relatively new area of research that is growing rapidly. Control systems for these structures have unique requirements and constraints. For example, during a severe seismic event, the external power to a structure may be severed, rendering control schemes relying on large external power supplies ineffective. Magnetorheological (MR) dampers are a new class of devices that mesh well with the requirements and constraints of seismic applications, including having very low power requirements. This paper proposes a clipped-optimal control strategy based on acceleration feedback for controlling MR dampers to reduce structural responses due to seismic loads. A numerical example, employing a newly developed model that accurately portrays the salient characteristics of the MR dampers, is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the approach.

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Modeling and Control of Magnetorheological Dampers for Seismic Response Reduction

This paper reports on the results from a comprehensive component testing program on a type of buckling-restrained brace known as the Unbonded Brace™. The experimental data are used to: ~1! verify the results of theoretical predictions on the structural stability of the braces; ~2! validate the inelasitc capacity of the braces under severe earthquake demands; and ~3! calibrate a macroscopic hysteretic model that is found to predict, with fidelity, the brace force-displacement behavior. The study concludes that the unbonded brace is a reliable and practical alternative to conventional framing systems to enhance the earthquake resistance of new and existing structures; capable of providing both the rigidity needed to satisfy structural drift limits, while delivering a substantial and repeatable energy absorption capability.

Component Testing, Seismic Evaluation and Characterization of Buckling-Restrained Braces

SUMMARY A simplified three-step procedure is proposed for estimating the dynamic interaction between two vertical piles, subjected either to lateral pile-head loading or to vertically-propagating seismic S-waves. The starting point is the determination of the deflection profile of a solitary pile using any of the established methods available. Physically-motivated approximations are then introduced for the wave field radiating from an oscillating pile and for the effect of this field on an adjacent pile. The procedure is applied in this paper to a flexible pile embedded in a homogeneous stratum. To obtain analytical closed-form results for both pile-head and seismic-type loading pile-soil and soil-pile interaction are accounted for through a single dynamic Winkler model, with realistic frequency-dependent ‘springs’ and ‘dashpots’. Final- and intermediate-step results of the procedure compare favourably with those obtained using rigorous formulations for several pile group configurations. It is shown that, for a homogeneous stratum, pile-to-pile interaction effects are far more significant under head loading than under seismic excitation.

Dynamic pile‐soil‐pile interaction. Part II: Lateral and seismic response

This paper examines in depth the transient rocking response of free-standing rigid blocks subjected to physically realizable trigonometric pulses. First, the expressions for the dynamic horizontal and vertical reactions at the pivot point of a rocking block are derived and it is shown that the coefficient of friction needed to sustain pure rocking motion is, in general, an increasing function of the acceleration level of the pulse. Subsequently, this paper shows that under cycloidal pulses a free-standing block can overturn with two distinct modes: (1) by exhibiting one or more impacts; and (2) without exhibiting any impact. The existence of the second mode results in a safe region that is located on the acceleration-frequency plane above the minimum overturning acceleration spectrum. The shape of this region depends on the coefficient of restitution and is sensitive to the nonlinear nature of the problem. This paper concludes that the sensitive nonlinear nature of the problem, in association with the presence of the safe region that embraces the minimum overturning acceleration spectrum, complicates further the task of estimating peak ground acceleration by only examining the geometry of free-standing objects that either overturned or survived a ground shaking.

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Rocking Response of Free-Standing Blocks under Cycloidal Pulses

A fractional-derivative Maxwell model is proposed for viscous dampers, which are used for vibration isolation of piping systems, forging hammers, and other industrial equipment, as well as for vibration and seismic isolation of building structures. The development and calibration of the model is based on experimentally observed dynamic characteristics. The proposed model is validated by dynamic testing and very good agreement between predicted and experimental results is obtained. Numerical algorithms for the solution of the constitutive relation in either the frequency or the time domain are presented. Some analytical results for a single-degree-of-freedom viscodamper system are presented. These results are useful to the design of vibration-isolation systems. Furthermore, an equivalent viscous oscillator is defined whose response is essentially the same as that of the viscodamper isolator. Finally, the model is employed in the analysis of a base-isolated model structure that has been tested on a shake table.

Fractional‐Derivative Maxwell Model for Viscous Dampers

The concept of seismic protection by lengthening the fundamental period of the structure has been implemented through a number of isolation systems While flexible isolation systems can effectively protect structures from earthquakes containing high frequencies and sharp accelerations, they might amplify the response of the structure when subjected to rapid, long-period motions In this case of long period excitations the stiff superstructure should be 'locked' to the ground, rather than be supported on flexible bearings This paper shows through a comprehensive analytical study that a practical solution to this problem is to provide additional rigidity to the structure using a friction-type mechanism (rigid-plastic behaviour) The presence of friction-type forces reduce substantially the relative displacements of a single-degree-of-freedom structure by keeping accelerations at low levels; however, they are responsible for the presence of permanent displacements Accordingly, the use of controllable fluid dampers is proposed and it is shown that they can be a practical solution to the problem The response of a single-degree-of-freedom base-isolated structures is investigated, and the feasibility of a proposed electrorheological damper to deliver the required forces is discussed

Nicos Makris

Papers

Component Testing, Seismic Evaluation and Characterization of Buckling-Restrained Braces

Dynamic pile‐soil‐pile interaction. Part II: Lateral and seismic response

Rocking Response of Free-Standing Blocks under Cycloidal Pulses

Fractional‐Derivative Maxwell Model for Viscous Dampers

Rigidity–plasticity–viscosity: can electrorheological dampers protect base‐isolated structures from near‐source ground motions?