Background: Atherosclerosis is the major cause of morbidities and mortalities worldwide. In this study we aimed to review the mechanism of atherosclerosis and its risk factors, focusing on new findings in atherosclerosis markers and its risk factors. Furthermore, the role of antioxidants and medicinal herbs in atherosclerosis and endothelial damage has been discussed and a list of important medicinal plants effective in the treatment and prevention of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis is presented. Methods: The recently published papers about atherosclerosis pathogenesis and herbal medicines effective in the treatment and prevention of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis were searched. Results: Inflammation has a crucial role in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The disease is accompanied by excessive fibrosis of the intima, fatty plaques formation, proliferation of smooth muscle cells, and migration of a group of cells such as monocytes, T cells, and platelets which are formed in response to inflammation. The oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) to Ox‑LDL indicates the first step of atherosclerosis in cardiovascular diseases. Malondialdehyde factor shows the level of lipoperoxidation and is a sign of increased oxidative pressure and cardiovascular diseases. In special pathological conditions such as severe hypercholesterolemia, peroxynitrite concentration increases and atherosclerosis and vascular damage are intensified. Medicinal plants have shown to be capable of interacting these or other pathogenesis factors to prevent atherosclerosis.

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Atherosclerosis: process, indicators, risk factors and new hopes.

Advances of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) and the application in drug delivery

Many agents disrupt the cell cycle and its signaling circuits leading to cancer progress. Cancer therapy is performed by surgery, radiation, and chemical drugs remaining some side effects. To evaluate the anticancer traits of herbal medicines. We collected previously published data in searching engines (Web of Science, PubMed, Medline, and SCOPUS) by searching key words “herbal medicine,” “anticancer effect,” “compounds,” and “fractions.” Herbal medicines have unraveled anticancer effects mostly through cancer cells apoptosis via blocking NF-κB pathway by curcumin and terpenoides; CD95 signaling and enhancement of CD95L expression by resveratrol; and inhibiting tyrosine kinas, angiogenesis, and cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase by β-lapachone-genistein and cytochrome-c release into the cytosol and caspase-9 activation by biocalein and quercetin. Additionally, impeding cell cycle in the G1 phase in ovarian cancer cells by 7-hydroxystaurosporine, immune cells enrichment (neutrophils and NK cells activation by Viscum album L., T cells and NK cells activation and cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor release by Ganoderma lucidum and microRNAs regulation (by Sinomeniumacutum, shikonin, Oleaeuropaea, curcumin and ginseng). These effects have implications for proper cancer cells elimination. It has been revealed that cytotoxic effects of herbal compounds (mostly those secondary metabolites) have exerted anticancer properties against several cancer cell lines. In addition, targeting microRNAs, nanoparticle-assisted herbal synergism, and novel drug delivery systems and combination chemotherapies have also emerged exerting higher efficacies for specific cell targeting as novel cancer therapy approaches. Considering side effects, toxicity, and higher costs of common cancer therapy approaches, application of novel herbal medicine-based therapies will confer promising insights for health outcomes.

Anticancer Effects of Herbal Medicine Compounds and Novel Formulations: a Literature Review

Effect of the combination of metformin hydrochloride and melatonin on oxidative stress before and during pregnancy, and biochemical and histopathological analysis of the livers of rats after treatment for polycystic ovary syndrome.

A simple, precise, and accurate RP-HPLC method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous assay of Telmisartan and Cilnidipine in tablets. Isocratic RP-HPLC method was developed on Waters C18  mm, 5 μm column using mobile phase as acetonitrile (ACN): buffer pH 3.0 with orthophosphoric acid (68 : 32) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and the detection was carried out at 245 nm using photodiode array detector. Forced degradation study was carried out by oxidation, hydrolysis, photolysis, and heating the drug. The method was validated for specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness, and solution stability. The method was found to be linear in the concentration range of 40–160 μg/mL with correlation coefficient of 0.9990 for Telmisartan and 10–40 μg/mL with correlation coefficient of 0.9989 for Cilnidipine. Degradation products produced as a result of stress studies did not interfere with the detection of agomelatine; therefore, the assay can be considered to be stability indicating.

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Stability Indicating Simultaneous Validation of Telmisartan and Cilnidipine with Forced Degradation Behavior Study by RP-HPLC in Tablet Dosage Form

Herbal medicines have been used all over the world from last many years. Especially in India, there is wide market for herbals. Herbal medicines have less adverse effects as compared with modern medicines. The delivery of plant/herbal therapeutic molecules as drugs is problematic due to poor solubility, poor permeability, low bioavailability, instability in biological milieu and extensive first pass metabolism. These limitations of herbal drugs can be overcome by attaching or encapsulating them with suitable nanomaterials. Over the past decade, major advances have been made on development of novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) from plant actives and extracts. By developing new formulation as nano herbal medicines like nanoparticles, dendrimers, Nano crystals, Quantum dots, Nanosperes, Nanocapsules, herbal market get good feedback. The new approach in herbals as nanotechnology have a sound future which has a scientific approach to deliver the component in sustained manner which increase the patient compliance and avoid repeated administration. So many conditions like bacterial infection, hepatotoxicity, inflammation, oxidation and chronic diseases like cancer, wound healing can be cured by nano herbals more effectively as compared to allopathic medicines. The next most important step for herbal formulations is their standardization which establishes consistent biological activity, consistent chemical profile or simply a quality assurance program. This review will provide information of the use of nanotechnology for herbal drugs, nanoparticles, formulation techniques of nanoparticles and their standardization.

Herbal Drug Nanoparticles: Advancements in Herbal Treatment

Objective: The objective of present investigation was to evaluate hypolipidemic activity of Psidium guajava Linn leaves extracts in hyperlipidemic rats. Materials and Methods: Hyperlipidemia condition was induced by High Cholesterol Diet (HCD) in wistar rats and these rats were treated with aqueous and methanolic extract of Psidium guajava leaves for ten days. At the end of experiment blood serum level of TC, TG and HDL were measured and LDL and VLDL were calculated. Result: Blood serum level of TC, TG, LDL were elevated and HDL level was reduced in HCD controlled group but brought at control level in hyperlipidemic rats treated with methanolic extract 400mg/kg.body weight p.o.

Hypolipidemic activity of psidium guajava linn leaves extracts in hyperlipidemic rats

The present research work discusses the development of a UV estimation and validation method for Telmisartan (TEL). It is simple, fast, accurate and cost efficient and reproducible spectrophotometric method, developed for the estimation of Telmisartan as a pure API. The wavelength (λ max) was found to be 240 nm by using 60% ethanol (95%) and 40% of 0.1 N NaHCO 3 as a solvent for the Telmisartan. The linearity for this drug at the selected wavelength lies between 2-14 µg/ml. Beer's law was obeyed in this concentration range with correlation coefficient of 0.9995. The accuracy and precision of the method were determined and validated according to ICH guidelines. The method has good reproducibility with % RSD less than one. Thus proposed method can successfully applied for Telmesartan in routine analysis work.

Development of UV spectrophotometric method for estimation and validation of Telmisartan as a pure API

Formulation of floating drug delivery system (FDDS) is a subject of current interest in pharmaceutical products development. Floating drug delivery systems are low-density systems that float over the gastric content and remain buoyant in the stomach for a prolonged period of time. They enhance drug bioavailability, declines drug wastage and provide controlled drug delivery and better patient compliance. Several approaches and techniques were developed in recent year for FDDS. Literature on FDDS along with recent research in this area is reviewed in this article.

Floating Drug Delivery Systems, An effective tool for Control Release-A Complete Review

The objective of this study was to prepare and evaluate solid dispersion of Telmisartan to increase solubility and for enhancement of bioavailability. The solid dispersions were prepared by physical mixture method using PEG 6000, Eudragit L 100 and PVP K 30 as a carrier in various ratios. Optimized solid dispersion was evaluated for % CDR and Time for CDR, FTIR, DSC, SEM, and in vitro drug release study. The results showed that among the various batches containing the polymer being used in the study, F2 formulation containing DRUG: EUD L 100 in the ratio 1:1exhibited significant enhancement in solubility and dissolution profile of the drug. The results were supported by the DSC, FTIR, SEM and stability studies.

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Niranjan D. Chivate

Papers

Herbal Drug Nanoparticles: Advancements in Herbal Treatment

Hypolipidemic activity of psidium guajava linn leaves extracts in hyperlipidemic rats

Development of UV spectrophotometric method for estimation and validation of Telmisartan as a pure API

Floating Drug Delivery Systems, An effective tool for Control Release-A Complete Review

Improvement of Bioavailability and Solubility of Telmisartan by Solid Dispersion Technique using Various Carriers