After ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete, geopolymer concrete (GPC) is the most advanced form of concrete. GPC has many advantages including improved strength and durability properties. High early age strength and ambient curing of GPC helps to reduce the construction time. Factors such as binder materials, alkali-activated solution, and curing methods control GPC’s strength properties. Moreover, when industrial byproducts such as fly ash and ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) are added to GPC, this leads to advantages such as reduced carbon dioxide emission, ability to reuse of waste materials, thus saving valuable lands from getting converted into dump yards, cost reduction, and so on. Moreover, the energy required for the extraction of raw materials is also reduced. In this paper, GPC’s strength and durability characteristics, its mix design procedure, its effect of fibers on mechanical properties, and its structural performance are comprehensively reviewed. Moreover, the development of high-strength GPC using fly ash with sodium hydroxide as an alkaline solution under oven curing condition is highlighted. To develop GPC from different binder materials, trial and error methods are proposed. Rangan’s mix design procedure is used for fly ash-based GPC. Moreover, the inclusion of fibers, it was found, improves the ductile nature of GPC. Suggestions and scope for future GPC-related research are also included.

Ecofriendly geopolymer concrete: a comprehensive review

Molarity Activity Effect on Mechanical and Microstructure Properties of Geopolymer Concrete: A Review

This paper discusses the influence of fiber reinforcement on the properties of geopolymer concrete composites, based on fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag and metakaolin. Traditional concrete composites are brittle in nature due to low tensile strength. The inclusion of fibrous material alters brittle behavior of concrete along with a significant improvement in mechanical properties i.e., toughness, strain and flexural strength. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is mainly used as a binding agent in concrete composites. However, current environmental awareness promotes the use of alternative binders i.e., geopolymers, to replace OPC because in OPC production, significant quantity of CO2 is released that creates environmental pollution. Geopolymer concrete composites have been characterized using a wide range of analytical tools including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and elemental detection X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Insight into the physicochemical behavior of geopolymers, their constituents and reinforcement with natural polymeric fibers for the making of concrete composites has been gained. Focus has been given to the use of sisal, jute, basalt and glass fibers.

Geopolymers and Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Composites in Civil Engineering.

Effect of ground granulated blast furnace slag and fly ash ratio and the curing conditions on the mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete

Geopolymer concrete (GPC) is a new material in the construction industry, with different chemical compositions and reactions involved in a binding material. The pozzolanic materials (industrial waste like fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), and rice husk ash), which contain high silica and alumina, work as binding materials in the mix. Geopolymer concrete is economical, low energy consumption, thermally stable, easily workable, eco-friendly, cementless, and durable. GPC reduces carbon footprints by using industrial solid waste like slag, fly ash, and rice husk ash. Around one tonne of carbon dioxide emissions produced one tonne of cement that directly polluted the environment and increased the world’s temperature by increasing greenhouse gas production. For sustainable construction, GPC reduces the use of cement and finds the alternative of cement for the material’s binding property. So, the geopolymer concrete is an alternative to Portland cement concrete and it is a potential material having large commercial value and for sustainable development in Indian construction industries. The comprehensive survey of the literature shows that geopolymer concrete is a perfect alternative to Portland cement concrete because it has better physical, mechanical, and durable properties. Geopolymer concrete is highly resistant to acid, sulphate, and salt attack. Geopolymer concrete plays a vital role in the construction industry through its use in bridge construction, high-rise buildings, highways, tunnels, dams, and hydraulic structures, because of its high performance. It can be concluded from the review that sustainable development is achieved by employing geopolymers in Indian construction industries, because it results in lower CO2 emissions, optimum utilization of natural resources, utilization of waste materials, is more cost-effective in long life infrastructure construction, and, socially, in financial benefits and employment generation.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/12/4/514/pdf

Geopolymer Concrete: A Material for Sustainable Development in Indian Construction Industries

Sodium hydroxide effect on the mechanical properties of flyash‐slag based geopolymer concrete

Geopolymer concrete(GPC) is a perfect alternative to conventional cement concrete This experimental investigation examines the physical properties, chemical properties, mechanical properties, non-destructive test, and microstructural analysis of the various geopolymer concrete samples, varying the liquid-to-binder(LBR) ratio from 040 to 070, and curing temperature from 60 °C to 120 °C After the experimental investigation, the workability increases with the increment of the liquid-to-binder ratio in the design mix, but the mix specimen density decreases with the same In the mechanical properties, the compressive strength optimum at the ratio of 060 of liquid-to-binder ratio, and the poisson’s ratio increases with the increment of liquid to binder ratio from 14 to 18 consecutively All the mixes mechanical properties got the optimum point at the ratio of 060 of LBR in both ambient and oven curing conditions The curing temperature directly increases the gain strength rate at early ages, but it reduces beyond the 100 °C temperature The drying shrinkage increases with the increment of curing temperature, similarly the modulus of elasticity increase with the increment of curing temperature, but it reduces beyond the 100 °C curing temperature The thermal stability of the GPC specimens is higher and shows the weight remained up to 92% of the original at the 850 °C temperature

Effect of Liquid to Binder Ratio and Curing Temperature on the Engineering Properties of the Geopolymer Concrete

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40996-021-00767-9.pdf

Nirendra Dev

Papers

Sodium hydroxide effect on the mechanical properties of flyash‐slag based geopolymer concrete

Effect of ground granulated blast furnace slag and fly ash ratio and the curing conditions on the mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete

Geopolymer Concrete: A Material for Sustainable Development in Indian Construction Industries

Effect of Liquid to Binder Ratio and Curing Temperature on the Engineering Properties of the Geopolymer Concrete

Investigation on the Effect of Seawater Condition, Sulphate Attack, Acid Attack, Freeze–Thaw Condition, and Wetting–Drying on the Geopolymer Concrete