Biomass as an energy source contributes to a decrease in the dependence on imported fossil fuels, while at the same time, adding value to the countries where biomass fuel sources thrive, in addition to providing a source of renewable energy. Knowledge of the behaviour of fuel is essential in order to design and operate equipment safely and efficiently. In particular, knowledge about mineral content is essential because the ashes play an important role in the dynamics of the generation system. Through knowledge of the chemical composition and physical properties of the ashes, it is possible to predict the tendency to form deposits in the boiler components, as well as their potential to cause corrosion, erosion and abrasion. The behaviour of the ashes in the system is highly dependent on fuel, particularly when it comes from industrial waste or energy crops. These fuels have a higher mineral content, particularly sodium (Na), potassium (K), phosphorous (P) and chloride (Cl). They also have higher ash content with a low melting point and high corrosion potential. This paper focuses on the characteristics of the ashes derived from the combustion of biomass, with particular attention paid to the chemical transformations at high temperatures, as well as its effect on the combustion equipment. Emphasis is placed on the potential problems that occur when biomass-burning technologies are used for energy crops, in order to avoid catastrophic failures. It concludes with recommendations for the management, control and prevention of problems associated with ash.

/pdf/biomass-combustion-systems-a-review-on-the-physical-and-1ak879bd22.pdf

Biomass combustion systems: A review on the physical and chemical properties of the ashes

https://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/253858/local_253858.pdf

Barriers to biogas dissemination in India: A review

State-of-the-art applications of fly ash from coal and biomass: A focus on zeolite synthesis processes and issues

Valorization of agricultural waste for biogas based circular economy in India: A research outlook.

An assessment of biomass resources potential in Jordan for power/heat generation and biogas production is presented in this paper. The investigation is based on five crucial requirements toward process sustainability and production cost. These requirements include biomass analysis and availability, conversion technologies, optimizing efficiency, reduction of environmental impact, and political decisions. All of these requirements collectively work in synergy toward commercial implementation of bioconversion technologies of biomass into energy. The information obtained in this study is expected to be useful for both decentralized and centralized wastes based energy planning by policymakers and industry developers, which can increase the biomass based renewable energy share to the energy mix. Direct biomass resources including agricultural residues, animal manure and municipal solid waste are considered in the analysis. Jordan produces more than 5.83 MT of wastes and residues annually, where 42% of which are estimated as available sources for energy generation and biogas production. The corresponding annual biogas and power potential is 313.14 MCM and 847.39 GWh, respectively. The produced biogas could replace almost 23.64% of Jordan primary energy consumed in the year 2012 in the form of natural gas (656 toe). Amongst all wastes and residues, municipal solid waste generated in the middle region of Jordan has the highest potential for biogas and power generation at 24.26%. This is followed by poultry manure with 18.58% and olive residues with 15.1%. The potential of the other wastes and residues is estimated at 42.06%.

Wastes and biomass materials as sustainable-renewable energy resources for Jordan

In this communication biomass energy resource, potential, energy conversion and policy for promotion implemented by Government of India are discussed. The total installed capacity for electricity generation in India is 2666.64 GW as on 31st March 2013. Renewable energy is contributed 10.5% of total generation out of which 12.83% power is being generated using biomass. India has surplus agricultural and forest area which comprises about 500 million metric tons of biomass availability per year. In India total biomass power generation capacity is 17,500 MW. At present power being generated is 2665 MW which include 1666 MW by cogeneration. The various category of biomass in India is also discussed in this paper. And the research reveals that India has large potential for bio mass feed stock from different sources. Government of India deployed different policies and executed that the strategies for biomass power generation. Such approaches have included the whole biomass energy sector which incorporated the bio gas, bio diesel etc. in the policies. Government of India has focused on the deployment and development biomass energy sector with strategic policy and program which is notable portion of this review paper.

A review on biomass energy resources, potential, conversion and policy in India

In this article a complete design of the gyrotron is presented. Considering the goal of 1MW power and 120GHz frequency, flrst the mode selection and the interaction cavity design are performed. The high order asymmetric mode TE22;6 is selected as the operating mode by using the mode selection code GCOMS. The interaction cavity geometry is calculated on the basis of selected operating mode and Particle-in-Cell (PIC) code is used for the beam-wave interaction computation and power and frequency growth estimation. The electron beam source (generally called Magnetron Injection Gun, MIG) is designed by using the EGUN and TRACK codes. The spent electron beam energy is collected at the specially designed cylindrical waveguide type of structure called collector. For the 120GHz gyrotron, single stage depressed collector is designed to improve the e-ciency considering the maximum beam spread at the collector wall. Finally, the RF window is designed for the efiective transmission of the generated RF power. The overall design data shows the 1MW power generation at 120GHz frequency.

Design of 120GHz, 1MW Gyrotron for Plasma Fusion Application

In this article, the results of beam-wave interaction and power and e-ciency growth for 670GHz, 300kW gyrotron are presented. The beam parameters and the interaction cavity geometry calculations are performed for the selected operating mode TE25;10. The detail of mode selection process is also presented. The mode competition is studied in terms of the start oscillation current and coupling coe-cient. TE22;11 and TE25;10 are found as the most competing modes to the operating mode. The magnetic fleld at the cavity center is calculated directly from the frequency and detuned up to an optimum value to achieve the maximum e-ciency. MAGIC code is used in the power and frequency calculations. The electron beam is launched at the flrst co-rotating maxima of the operating mode during the MAGIC simulations to obtain maximum beam-wave interaction e-ciency. The results show more than 300kW power at 670GHz frequency at TE25;10 mode.

Power and Frequency Estimation for 0.67THz Gyrotron for Radioactive Material Detection

Microwave tubes are exclusively used to handle the power at microwave to millimeter wavelength as the solid state devices may not be able to fulfill the requirement. Since the semiconductor devices have low power handling capability for high frequency signals as the size of the device is limited. Microwave tubes are able to produce hundreds of kilowatts of pulsed to continuous waves at frequency greater than 1 GHz, this property made microwave tubes an indispensable source for high power and high frequency applications. Microwave tubes are based on the mechanism of conversion of spontaneous radiation form individual electrons into radiation by bunching the electrons in proper phase with respect to the RF wave by adjusting the electron beam DC magnetic field, and the RF interaction structure parameters. The microwave tubes are classified as slow wave and fast wave tubes. The fundamental drawback of the slow wave tubes is that the need of the circuit which can slow down the RF phase velocity below the velocity of light. The size of the circuit directly depends upon the wavelength of the radiation. Due to the size reduction of the interaction circuit of a slow-wave device, the power handling capability reduces drastically at the high frequencies. The Gyrotron oscillator, as a high-power high frequency source of coherent electromagnetic radiation is a fast wave device and one of the latest additions to the microwave tube family, which are being operated with efficiencies as high as 60%. Gyrotrons can operate throughout the microwave and millimeter-wave spectra, inching into the sub-millimeter-wave spectra. This device contains the advantages of both lasers and conventional tubes The analysis of Gyrotron done using MATLAB with selected parameters and it has been found that the performance has been increased by 10% with conventional tubes. The Gyrotrons may be employed in number of scientific, industrial, medical and communication applications.

Nitin Kumar

Papers

A review on biomass energy resources, potential, conversion and policy in India

Design of 120GHz, 1MW Gyrotron for Plasma Fusion Application

Power and Frequency Estimation for 0.67THz Gyrotron for Radioactive Material Detection

Introduction of Gyrotron as Fast Wave Device