Phylogenetic identification and in situ detection of individual microbial cells without cultivation.

http://faculty.wwu.edu/~shulld/ESCI%20101/Andrady2011Plastics.pdf

Microplastics in the marine environment

There is an urgent need in aquaculture to develop microbial control strategies, since disease outbreaks are recognized as important constraints to aquaculture production and trade and since the development of antibiotic resistance has become a matter of growing concern. One of the alternatives to antimicrobials in disease control could be the use of probiotic bacteria as microbial control agents. This review describes the state of the art of probiotic research in the culture of fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and live food, with an evaluation of the results obtained so far. A new definition of probiotics, also applicable to aquatic environments, is proposed, and a detailed description is given of their possible modes of action, i.e., production of compounds that are inhibitory toward pathogens, competition with harmful microorganisms for nutrients and energy, competition with deleterious species for adhesion sites, enhancement of the immune response of the animal, improvement of water quality, and interaction with phytoplankton. A rationale is proposed for the multistep and multidisciplinary process required for the development of effective and safe probiotics for commercial application in aquaculture. Finally, directions for further research are discussed.

/pdf/probiotic-bacteria-as-biological-control-agents-in-4778jdx241.pdf

Probiotic Bacteria as Biological Control Agents in Aquaculture

Communities of microscopic plant life, or phytoplankton, dominate the Earth's aquatic ecosystems. This important new book by Colin Reynolds covers the adaptations, physiology and population dynamics of phytoplankton communities in lakes and rivers and oceans. It provides basic information on composition, morphology and physiology of the main phyletic groups represented in marine and freshwater systems and in addition reviews recent advances in community ecology, developing an appreciation of assembly processes, co-existence and competition, disturbance and diversity. Although focussed on one group of organisms, the book develops many concepts relevant to ecology in the broadest sense, and as such will appeal to graduate students and researchers in ecology, limnology and oceanography.

/pdf/the-ecology-of-phytoplankton-4ev70n3jsq.pdf

The Ecology of Phytoplankton

Survival strategies of bacteria in the natural environment.

Yeast extract (0.025%) and nalidixic acid (0.002%) were added to seawater samples and the samples were incubated for 6 h at 20 °C in the dark. Under these conditions, bacterial cells did not divide...

A tentative direct microscopic method for counting living marine bacteria

Sixteen strains of aerobic bacteria which contain bacteriochlorophyll a were isolated from the samples collected in aerobic marine environments: thalli of Enteromorpha linza, Porphyra sp., Sargussum horneri; beach sand; and the surface seawater from Aburatsubo Inlet. When they occurred, their proportions among the aerobic heterotrophic populations ranged from 0.9 to 1.1% in the seaweed samples and from 1.2 to 6.3% in the beach sand samples and were 0.9% in the seawater sample. The results suggested that the aerobic photopigmented bacteria widely inhabit aerobic marine environments.

Distribution of aerobic bacteria which contain bacteriochlorophyll a.

The direct viable court (DVC) method of determining the number of living bacteria in natural seawater was applied to samples collected from areas around Japan ranging from polluted to oligotrophic. In summer, the DVC comprised 1.5-39.8% (mean, 11.2%) of the total direct count (TDC) in Tokyo Bay, which was highly eutrophic. In offshore areas (Sagami Bay and the Kuroshio region), the percentages ranged from 0.7 to 7.9 (mean 2.8%). In winter, slightly higher percentages were observed in Sagami Bay. The majority of DVC cells were free-living. The distruction of bacteria correlated closely with particulate or dissolved organic matter.

Nobuo Taga

Papers

A tentative direct microscopic method for counting living marine bacteria

Distribution of aerobic bacteria which contain bacteriochlorophyll a.

Distribution of viable marine bacteria in neritic seawater around Japan.

Phosphatase activity and its rôle in the mineralization of organic phosphorus in coastal sea water

Another Aerobic Bacterium which Contains Bacteriochlorophyll a