Energy transitions research: Insights and cautionary tales

Chinese diplomat V.K. Wellington Koo (1888-1985) was involved in virtually every foreign and domestic crisis in twentieth-century China. After earning a Ph.D. from Columbia University, Koo entered government service in 1912 intent on revising the unequal treaty system imposed on China in the nineteenth century, believing that breaking the shackles of imperialism would bring China into the "family of nations." His pursuit of this nationalistic agenda was immediately interrupted by Chinese civil war and Japanese imperialism during World War I. In the 1930s Koo attempted to use international law to force western powers to honor their treaty obligations to punish Japanese expansion. Koo also participated in creating the League of Nations and later the United Nations in the hope that collective security would become reality.

V.K. Wellington Koo and the Emergence of Modern China

American business & foreign policy, 1920-1933

A historical geography of rare earth elements: From discovery to the atomic age

This incisive interpretation of American foreign policy ranks as a classic in American thought. First published in 1959, the book offered an analysis of the wellsprings of American foreign policy that shed light on the tensions of the Cold War and the deeper impulses leading to the American intervention in Vietnam. William Appleman Williams brilliantly explores the ways in which ideology and political economy intertwined over time to propel American expansion and empire in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The powerful relevance of Williams's interpretation to world politics has only been strengthened by recent events in Central Asia and the Persian Gulf. Williams allows us to see that the interests and beliefs that once sent American troops into Texas and California, or Latin America and East Asia, also propelled American forces into Iraq.

The Tragedy of American Diplomacy

The Cold War on the Periphery: The United States. India. And Pakistan Robert J. McMahon

Despite the efforts of American government officials, attempts to establish a joint Chinese-American company to develop China's petroleum potential met with failure during the initial years of the Wilson administration. Duplicity and misunderstanding on the part of Standard Oil and of the Chinese government added another chapter to the dismal history of American business in China.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0007680500019231

Standard Oil and Petroleum Development in Early Republican China

As the twentieth century opened, numbers of American businessmen, spurred in part by the forceful persuasions of American diplomats, hoped to profit from the legendary China market by taking on Chinese partners. At the same time, groups of Chinese entrepreneurs, struck by the success and wealth of the United States, hoped to take advantage of American capital by launching joint ventures with the Americans. Such enterprises generally proved difficult to form, however, and once organized, tended to see the Americans predominate and the Chinese relegated to distinctly secondary roles. But there were exceptions, as Professor Pugach points out in this essay on the Chinese-American Bank of Commerce. While the founding of this firm provides ample proof that joint Sino-American companies had to overcome large hurdles to come into being, the formation of the bank suggests that mutual self-interest, ideal circumstances, and perhaps good luck could overcome the problems inherent in creating joint ventures in which both sides could share roughly equal positions.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/3113979.pdf

Keeping An Idea Alive: The Establishment of a Sino-American Bank, 1910–1920 *

http://phr.ucpress.edu/content/42/4/499.full.pdf

Embarrassed monarchist: frank j. goodnow and constitutional development in china, 1913-1915

http://phr.ucpress.edu/content/ucpphr/38/2/157.full.pdf

Noel H. Pugach

Papers

The Cold War on the Periphery: The United States. India. And Pakistan Robert J. McMahon

Standard Oil and Petroleum Development in Early Republican China

Keeping An Idea Alive: The Establishment of a Sino-American Bank, 1910–1920 *

Embarrassed monarchist: frank j. goodnow and constitutional development in china, 1913-1915

Making the Open Door Work: Paul S. Reinsch in China, 1913-1919