Clinacanthus nutans Lindau is a well-known plant, native to tropical Asian countries. Reports on this plant that is rich in phenolic compounds have focused on its therapeutic anti-inflammatory, anti-herpes simplex, antioxidant, and anti-cancer characteristics. In this paper, the influence of the extraction parameters—temperatures (60–80 °C), times (80–120 min), and solvent ratios (70:30–90:10) of water:ethanol were investigated using response surface methodology in order to determine the optimum extraction conditions that could produce maximum extraction yields of the phenolic compounds and the highest anti-radical activity of the C. nutans extract. The optimum conditions suggested by the predicted model were: an extraction temperature of 60 °C, an extraction time of 120 min and a water:ethanol solvent ratio of 90:10 v/v%. The residual standard error of 0.2% indicated that there was no significant difference between the actual and predicted values and it proved that the models were adequate to predict the relevant responses. All the independent variables had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on all the responses which indicated that all extraction parameters employed in this study were important in the optimization process. The R2 values for three responses, extraction yields, DPPH radical scavenging activity and TPC were 0.9999, 0.9999 and 0.9983 respectively, suggesting that the quadratic polynomial models developed were satisfactorily accurate to be used in analyzing the interactions of the parameters (response and independent variables). This study could be useful in the development of cosmeceutical products containing extracts of C. nutans.

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Effects of temperature, time, and solvent ratio on the extraction of phenolic compounds and the anti-radical activity of Clinacanthus nutans Lindau leaves by response surface methodology.

Natural Product Extraction; Principles and Applications

Context: Medicinal plants have attracted global attention for their hidden therapeutic potential. Clinacanthus nutans (Burm.f) Lindau (Acanthaceae) (CN) is endemic in Southeast Asia. CN contains phytochemicals common to medicinal plants, such as flavonoids. Traditionally, CN has been used for a broad range of human ailments including snake bites and cancer.Objectives: This article compiles the ethnomedicinal uses of CN and its phytochemistry, and thus provides a phytochemical library of CN. It also discusses the known pharmacological and biological effects of CN to enable better investigation of CN.Methods: This literature review was limited to articles and websites published in the English language. MEDLINE and Google Scholar databases were searched from December 2014 to September 2016 using the following keywords: "Clinacanthus nutans" and "Belalai gajah". The results were reviewed to identify relevant articles. Information from relevant selected studies was systematically analyzed from contempo...

Clinacanthus nutans: a review on ethnomedicinal uses, chemical constituents and pharmacological properties.

Clinacanthans nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau is a popular medicinal vegetable in Southern Asia, and its extracts have displayed significant anti-proliferative effects on cancer cells in vitro. However, the underlying mechanism for this effect has yet to be established. This study investigated the antitumor and immunomodulatory activity of C. nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau 30% ethanol extract (CN30) in vivo. CN30 was prepared and its main components were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). CN30 had a significant inhibitory effect on tumor volume and weight. Hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) staining and TUNEL assay revealed that hepatoma cells underwent significant apoptosis with CN30 treatment, while expression levels of proliferation markers PCNA and p-AKT were significantly decreased when treated with low or high doses of CN30 treatment. Western blot analysis of PAPR, caspase-3, BAX, and Bcl2 also showed that CN30 induced apoptosis in hepatoma cells. Furthermore, intracellular staining analysis showed that CN30 treatment increased the number of IFN-γ+ T cells and decreased the number of IL-4+ T cells. Serum IFN-γ and interleukin-2 levels also significantly improved. Our findings indicated that CN30 demonstrated antitumor properties by up-regulating the immune response, and warrants further evaluation as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment and prevention of cancers.

Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau Ethanol Extract Inhibits Hepatoma in Mice through Upregulation of the Immune Response

Clinacanthus nutans (Burm.f.) Lindau (Acanthaceae), commonly known as Sabah snake grass, is a vegetable and a well-known herb that is considered an alternative medicine for insect bites, skin rashes, herpes infection, inflammation, and cancer and for health benefits. Current review aims to provide a well-tabulated repository of the phytochemical screening, identification and quantification, and the pharmacological information of C. nutans according to the experimental design and the plant preparation methods which make it outstanding compared to existing reviews. This review has documented valuable data obtained from all accessible library databases and electronic searches. For the first time we analyzed the presence of flavonoids, triterpenoids, steroids, phytosterols, and glycosides in C. nutans based on the results from phytochemical screening which are then further confirmed by conventional phytochemical isolation methods and advanced spectroscopic techniques. Phytochemical quantification further illustrated that C. nutans is a good source of phenolics and flavonoids. Pharmacological studies on C. nutans revealed that its polar extract could be a promising anti-inflammation, antiviral, anticancer, immune and neuromodulating, and plasmid DNA protective agent; that its semipolar extract could be a promising antiviral, anticancer, and wound healing agent; and that its nonpolar extract could be an excellent anticancer agent.

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A Comprehensive Review on Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of Clinacanthus nutans (Burm.f.) Lindau.

Clinacanthus nutans (family Acanthaceae) has been used for the treatment of inflammation and herpes viral infection. Currently, there has not been any report on the qualitative and quantitative determination of the chemical markers in the leaves of C. nutans. The C-glycosidic flavones such as shaftoside, isoorientin, orientin, isovitexin, and vitexin have been found to be major flavonoids in the leaves of this plant. Therefore, we had developed a two-step method using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the rapid identification and quantification of the flavones C-glycosides in C. nutans leaves. The TLC separation of the chemical markers was achieved on silica gel 60 plate using ethyl acetate : formic acid : acetic acid : water (100 : 11 : 11 : 27 v/v/v/v) as the mobile phase. HPLC method was optimized and validated for the quantification of shaftoside, orientin, isovitexin, and vitexin and was shown to be linear in concentration range tested (0.4–200 μg/mL, r2 ≥ 0.996), precise (RSD ≤ 4.54%), and accurate (95–105%). The concentration of shaftoside, orientin, vitexin, and isovitexin in C. nutans leave samples was 2.55–17.43, 0.00–0.86, 0.00–2.01, and 0.00–0.91 mmol/g, respectively.

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Analysis of Flavone C-Glycosides in the Leaves of Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau by HPTLC and HPLC-UV/DAD

Hibiscus sabdariffa, a famous herbal plant in Malaysia [1], belongs to the family Malvaceae and is locally known as “Roselle” [2]. It is an important annual crop grown successfully in tropical and sub-tropical climates [3]. Its leshy calyx (sepals) surrounding the fruit (capsules) have been used to produce a variety of beverages and commercial products. The therapeutic anti-obesity usage of H. sabdariffa has been well studied [4]. In fact, many signi icant evidences of H. sabdariffa in lowering deposition of fat in adipose tissue [5], have motivated the investigation. A study by Ojeda et Abstract

/pdf/determination-of-anthocyanin-content-in-two-varieties-of-4f9uocms6n.pdf

Determination of anthocyanin content in two varieties of Hibiscus Sabdariffa from Selangor, Malaysia using a combination of chromatography and spectroscopy

The increasing demand for natural food antioxidants has hastened research to extract the biologically active substances from a variety of raw materials. The consumption of anthocyanin-rich food promotes health by contributing to cardio protection, lowering high blood pressure and by helping to protect against cancer. In this study, centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) was studied for anthocyanin separation from Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (HS). A simple elution and two displacement protocols were implemented. The displacement modes were strong ion-exchange (SIX) and pH-zone refining (pHZR) method. Among the three protocols, SIX CPC using trioctylmethylammonium chloride (Aliquat 336 ®) as a strong exchanger was the most successful in purifying four anthocyanins from an ethanolic extract of HS, identified as delphinidin-3-O-sambubioside (DS), cyanidin-3-O-sambubioside (CS), delphinidin-3-O-glucoside (DG) and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (CG). The purification process was carried out on a gram scale using the ternary biphasic system ethyl acetate:n-butanol:water (mobile organic phase: 4.0/4.6/1.4; aqueous stationary phase: 0.5/0.5/9.0) in the ascending mode. Aliquat 336® was used as the anion extractant in the aqueous stationary phase and sodium iodide (NaI) as the cation displacer in the organic mobile phase. From 1 g of crude HS extract, 80 mg of DS, 40 mg of CS, 15 mg of DG, and 4 mg of CG were obtained after 75 minutes. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-UV and LC-MS) analysis revealed the identity and the purity of the isolated compounds: 88% for DS, 92% for CS, 93% for DG and 70% for CG. This new methodology for the isolation of anthocyanin mixtures successfully increased the purity and efﬁciency especially for DG and CG, while maintaining excellent recovery rate and being relatively low cost. The availability of high purity anthocyanin mixtures will facilitate anthocyanin testing studies and will widen the use of anthocyanins in the food, supplements and pharmaceutical industries.

Comparison of Standard Elution and Displacement Modes in Centrifugal Partition Chromatography for an Efficient Purification of Four Anthocyanins from Hibiscus sabdariffa L.

Herbs from different geographical regions may differ qualitatively and quantitatively, hence it is crucial to determine the active components of herbs from different regions and build a reference database. This study focused on the database establishment for the authentication of the raw material of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) collected at seven selected locations of the western coastline in Peninsular Malaysia. The validation on the unknown sample at the end of the study is to verify the accuracy of the established database. The inter-material distance (IMD) was presented as the mean distance of each sphere created by each batch of data from different locations. They were clustered with different folders and discriminated by Soft independent modelling by class analogy (SIMCA) algorithm. All materials from seven farms achieved 100% separation rate. The average IMD of these seven locations was 9.04. The FTIR techniques established in this study can be used to distinguish the geographical origin of the selected H. sabdariffa farm samples.

/pdf/establishment-of-ftir-database-of-roselle-raw-material-3k71vi8pyx.pdf

Nor Syaidatul Akmal Mohd Yousof

Papers

Analysis of Flavone C-Glycosides in the Leaves of Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau by HPTLC and HPLC-UV/DAD

Determination of anthocyanin content in two varieties of Hibiscus Sabdariffa from Selangor, Malaysia using a combination of chromatography and spectroscopy

Comparison of Standard Elution and Displacement Modes in Centrifugal Partition Chromatography for an Efficient Purification of Four Anthocyanins from Hibiscus sabdariffa L.

Establishment of FTIR Database of Roselle Raw Material Originated From Western Coastline in Peninsular Malaysia