Clinacanthus nutans Lindau is a well-known plant, native to tropical Asian countries. Reports on this plant that is rich in phenolic compounds have focused on its therapeutic anti-inflammatory, anti-herpes simplex, antioxidant, and anti-cancer characteristics. In this paper, the influence of the extraction parameters—temperatures (60–80 °C), times (80–120 min), and solvent ratios (70:30–90:10) of water:ethanol were investigated using response surface methodology in order to determine the optimum extraction conditions that could produce maximum extraction yields of the phenolic compounds and the highest anti-radical activity of the C. nutans extract. The optimum conditions suggested by the predicted model were: an extraction temperature of 60 °C, an extraction time of 120 min and a water:ethanol solvent ratio of 90:10 v/v%. The residual standard error of 0.2% indicated that there was no significant difference between the actual and predicted values and it proved that the models were adequate to predict the relevant responses. All the independent variables had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on all the responses which indicated that all extraction parameters employed in this study were important in the optimization process. The R2 values for three responses, extraction yields, DPPH radical scavenging activity and TPC were 0.9999, 0.9999 and 0.9983 respectively, suggesting that the quadratic polynomial models developed were satisfactorily accurate to be used in analyzing the interactions of the parameters (response and independent variables). This study could be useful in the development of cosmeceutical products containing extracts of C. nutans.

/pdf/effects-of-temperature-time-and-solvent-ratio-on-the-4olui72mnl.pdf

Effects of temperature, time, and solvent ratio on the extraction of phenolic compounds and the anti-radical activity of Clinacanthus nutans Lindau leaves by response surface methodology.

Context: Medicinal plants have attracted global attention for their hidden therapeutic potential. Clinacanthus nutans (Burm.f) Lindau (Acanthaceae) (CN) is endemic in Southeast Asia. CN contains phytochemicals common to medicinal plants, such as flavonoids. Traditionally, CN has been used for a broad range of human ailments including snake bites and cancer.Objectives: This article compiles the ethnomedicinal uses of CN and its phytochemistry, and thus provides a phytochemical library of CN. It also discusses the known pharmacological and biological effects of CN to enable better investigation of CN.Methods: This literature review was limited to articles and websites published in the English language. MEDLINE and Google Scholar databases were searched from December 2014 to September 2016 using the following keywords: "Clinacanthus nutans" and "Belalai gajah". The results were reviewed to identify relevant articles. Information from relevant selected studies was systematically analyzed from contempo...

Clinacanthus nutans: a review on ethnomedicinal uses, chemical constituents and pharmacological properties.

Clinacanthans nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau is a popular medicinal vegetable in Southern Asia, and its extracts have displayed significant anti-proliferative effects on cancer cells in vitro. However, the underlying mechanism for this effect has yet to be established. This study investigated the antitumor and immunomodulatory activity of C. nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau 30% ethanol extract (CN30) in vivo. CN30 was prepared and its main components were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). CN30 had a significant inhibitory effect on tumor volume and weight. Hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) staining and TUNEL assay revealed that hepatoma cells underwent significant apoptosis with CN30 treatment, while expression levels of proliferation markers PCNA and p-AKT were significantly decreased when treated with low or high doses of CN30 treatment. Western blot analysis of PAPR, caspase-3, BAX, and Bcl2 also showed that CN30 induced apoptosis in hepatoma cells. Furthermore, intracellular staining analysis showed that CN30 treatment increased the number of IFN-γ+ T cells and decreased the number of IL-4+ T cells. Serum IFN-γ and interleukin-2 levels also significantly improved. Our findings indicated that CN30 demonstrated antitumor properties by up-regulating the immune response, and warrants further evaluation as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment and prevention of cancers.

Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau Ethanol Extract Inhibits Hepatoma in Mice through Upregulation of the Immune Response

Clinacanthus nutans (Burm.f.) Lindau (Acanthaceae), commonly known as Sabah snake grass, is a vegetable and a well-known herb that is considered an alternative medicine for insect bites, skin rashes, herpes infection, inflammation, and cancer and for health benefits. Current review aims to provide a well-tabulated repository of the phytochemical screening, identification and quantification, and the pharmacological information of C. nutans according to the experimental design and the plant preparation methods which make it outstanding compared to existing reviews. This review has documented valuable data obtained from all accessible library databases and electronic searches. For the first time we analyzed the presence of flavonoids, triterpenoids, steroids, phytosterols, and glycosides in C. nutans based on the results from phytochemical screening which are then further confirmed by conventional phytochemical isolation methods and advanced spectroscopic techniques. Phytochemical quantification further illustrated that C. nutans is a good source of phenolics and flavonoids. Pharmacological studies on C. nutans revealed that its polar extract could be a promising anti-inflammation, antiviral, anticancer, immune and neuromodulating, and plasmid DNA protective agent; that its semipolar extract could be a promising antiviral, anticancer, and wound healing agent; and that its nonpolar extract could be an excellent anticancer agent.

/pdf/a-comprehensive-review-on-phytochemistry-and-pharmacological-2knsadr2gb.pdf

A Comprehensive Review on Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of Clinacanthus nutans (Burm.f.) Lindau.

Phytosterols isolated from Clinacanthus nutans induce immunosuppressive activity in murine cells

Clinacanthus nutans (family Acanthaceae) has been used for the treatment of inflammation and herpes viral infection. Currently, there has not been any report on the qualitative and quantitative determination of the chemical markers in the leaves of C. nutans. The C-glycosidic flavones such as shaftoside, isoorientin, orientin, isovitexin, and vitexin have been found to be major flavonoids in the leaves of this plant. Therefore, we had developed a two-step method using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the rapid identification and quantification of the flavones C-glycosides in C. nutans leaves. The TLC separation of the chemical markers was achieved on silica gel 60 plate using ethyl acetate : formic acid : acetic acid : water (100 : 11 : 11 : 27 v/v/v/v) as the mobile phase. HPLC method was optimized and validated for the quantification of shaftoside, orientin, isovitexin, and vitexin and was shown to be linear in concentration range tested (0.4–200 μg/mL, r2 ≥ 0.996), precise (RSD ≤ 4.54%), and accurate (95–105%). The concentration of shaftoside, orientin, vitexin, and isovitexin in C. nutans leave samples was 2.55–17.43, 0.00–0.86, 0.00–2.01, and 0.00–0.91 mmol/g, respectively.

/pdf/analysis-of-flavone-c-glycosides-in-the-leaves-of-56dwd05zq7.pdf

Analysis of Flavone C-Glycosides in the Leaves of Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau by HPTLC and HPLC-UV/DAD

Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil is a plant native to Malaysia and Thailand. Although it has medicinal properties, it also has psychotropic effects and is widely abused. Previous studies have focused on evaluating its beneficial effects or the identification and detection of its primary active component, mitragynine. However, there is a lack of data available for leaf identification. The present study investigated pharmacognostical analysis and to evaluate physicochemical properties in order to assist in the identification of this plant and to characterize M. speciosa leaves. The present data is used to create monograph and document for pharmacopoeia, which will aid with plant identification and will assist in the identification of misuse of the leaves in herbal products. At the same time, this identification method may aid regulatory authorities in identifying the plant. The present results may also facilitate the standardization of M. speciosa in nutraceutical products and botanical drugs.

https://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2015/vol4issue4/PartD/3-6-37.pdf

Herbal monograph methodology for identification of Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil. leaves

Introduction: Moringa oleifera, a member of the family Moringaceae, is a small-medium sized tree, widely cultivated in Southeast Asia, Polynesia, and the West Indies, where the leaves, fruits and flowers form part of their routine diet. The plant has been reported to possess numerous pharmacological properties; however, its immunomodulatory potentials were least explored, especially on lymphocytes. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the in vitro immunomodulatory effect of Moringa oleifera leaves’ ethanol extract (MOETE) on transformed and normal lymphocytes, the leukaemic cell line BV173 and healthy peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), respectively. Methods: The freshly collected and dried Moringa oleifera leaves were extracted using 70% ethanol, and the cytotoxicity activity on transformed and normal lymphocytes was determined using an MTT assay. The immunomodulatory effect was further evaluated through cell proliferation assays, cell cycle analysis and apoptosis assays. Results: The ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera leaves showed concentration-dependent cytotoxic effects on the BV173 cell line with an IC50 of 125±6 µg/mL while exerting a stimulatory effect on PBMCs (EC50 = 28±3 µg/mL). The extract also exerted antiproliferative effects, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in the BV173 tumour cell but enhanced the viability and proliferation of PBMCs by committing the cells into the cell cycle and reducing apoptosis despite stimulation by phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Conclusion: The MOETE has immunostimulatory properties on normal lymphocytes and anti-tumour activity on the leukaemic cell lines.

/pdf/moringa-oleifera-leaf-ethanol-extract-immunomodulatory-140lcvvr.pdf

Ramesh Ranggasamy

Papers

Analysis of Flavone C-Glycosides in the Leaves of Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau by HPTLC and HPLC-UV/DAD

Herbal monograph methodology for identification of Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil. leaves

Moringa oleifera Leaf Ethanol Extract Immunomodulatory Activity Discriminates between Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia Cell Line and Normal Lymphocytes