Provided is an electric power converter. A First and second series circuits of switching devices and a series circuit of capacitors are connected in parallel. Between the connection point in the first series circuit of switching devices and the connection point in the series circuit of capacitors, a first bidirectional switch is connected and, between the connection point in the second series circuit of switching devices and the connection point in the series circuit of capacitors, a second bidirectional switch is connected. The connection point in the first series circuit of switching devices is connected through a reactor to an input-output common connection line connected to one end of an AC power supply and the other end of the AC power supply is connected to the connection point in the series circuit of capacitors.

Electric power converter

Bifacial photovoltaic (PV) technology has received considerable attention in recent years due to the potential to achieve higher annual energy yield compared to its monofacial counterpart. Higher annual energy yield is a crucial factor (even more than to further reduce the module costs) because, with the use of higher power PV modules, the high BOS (Balance of System) costs can be reduced, resulting in the lowest LCOE (levelised cost of energy). The International Technology Roadmap for Photovoltaic (ITRPV) predicts an upward trend for the shares of crystalline silicon (c-Si) bifacial PV cells and modules in the global PV market in the next decade, i.e., more than 35% in 2028. Two key enabling factors have been identified to promote the widespread use of c-Si bifacial PV devices, namely the bifacial PV performance measurement method/standard for indoor characterisation and comprehensive simulation models for outdoor performance characterisation. Both will increase the bankability of bifacial PV technology. In this paper, a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art of the c-Si bifacial PV performance characterisation and simulation is presented. First, an overview of the indoor characterisation of c-Si bifacial PV cells and modules is presented, followed by an overview of the outdoor characterisation of c-Si bifacial PV modules and the draft technical specification, IEC TS 60904-1-2. The second part of this paper reviews the current status of bifacial PV performance modelling, which includes the three primary sub-models: optical, electrical, and thermal models. This paper also provides an overview of the required future research to address the challenges associated with the characterisation and simulation of c-Si bifacial PV devices.

A review of crystalline silicon bifacial photovoltaic performance characterisation and simulation

Optimal operation of hybrid AC/DC microgrids under uncertainty of renewable energy resources: A comprehensive review

Review on non-isolated DC-DC converters and their control techniques for renewable energy applications

While addressing the issue of improving the performance of Photovoltaic (PV) systems, the simulation results are highly influenced by the PV model accuracy. Building the PV module mathematical model is based on its I-V characteristic, which is a highly nonlinear relationship. All the PV cells’ data sheets do not provide full information about their parameters. This leads to a nonlinear mathematical model with several unknown parameters. This paper proposes a new application of the Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm (GOA) for parameter extraction of the three-diode PV model of a PV module. Two commercial PV modules, Kyocera KC200GT and Solarex MSX-60 PV cells are utilized in examining the GOA-based PV model. The simulation results are executed under various temperatures and irradiations. The proposed PV model is evaluated by comparing its results with the experimental results of these commercial PV modules. The efficiency of the GOA-based PV model is tested by making a fair comparison among its numerical results and other optimization method-based PV models. With the GOA, a precise three-diode PV model shall be established.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/2/497/pdf

Parameter Estimation of Three Diode Photovoltaic Model Using Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm

This paper proposes a comparison between single-diode model and two-diode model of photovoltaic (PV) module. The main concern of this work is the accuracy, number of unknown parameters, and the execution time for the unknown parameters, under standard test conditions (STC), in each model. The proposed work tests the accuracy of both models under different temperature conditions using two types of solar modules. The accuracy of each model is tested in terms of maximum power and maximum voltage, and compared to justify the pros and cons of each model.

Single-diode model and two-diode model of PV modules: A comparison

The efficiency of commercially available solar PV module is very low in the range of 10–25 % In order to maximise their operating efficiency and to reduce installation cost, maximum power point trackers (MPPT) are coupled with the system. The output power of solar PV depends on solar irradiance level, incident angle, temperature and load current which all contribute to non-linear varying I-V characteristic during operation. MPPT ensures that a PV cell, module or panel is operated and maintained at the reference voltage that correspond to maximum power point for particular operating solar irradiance and cell temperature. A 220 W solar PV panel is modelled in Matlab-Simulink to study solar PV characteristics under different solar irradiance and working cell temperature. A Perturb & Observation MPPT technique incorporated for maximising the output power of the PV panel shows that the percentage deviation from the ideal PV power is about 10 % for different operating solar irradiance and cell temperature.

Matlab/Simulink model of solar PV array with perturb and observe MPPT for maximising PV array efficiency

This paper presents comparative studies of PID controller tuning methods on a DC-DC converter. A DC-DC boost converter was modelled using averaged state space method for controller design and dynamic analysis. PID controllers were designed using three different PID tuning methods; namely the Ziegler-Nichols frequency domain method, damped oscillation method and Good Gain method. The Matlab/Simulink was used to model and analyse the system transient response in terms of rise time, settling time, percentage overshoot and steady state error to step change input for their suitability in power supply design application. Among the three methods, the damped oscillation method demonstrated moderate fast rise and settling time with the advantage of lower overshoot to set point change.

Comparative studies of PID controller tuning methods on a DC-DC boost converter

This paper presents design and Simulink implementation of zero voltage switching (ZVS) phase-shifted full bridge dc-dc converter. The phase-shifted full bridge PWM dc-dc converter is widely used in high power, high voltage applications due to the advantages of high power handling capability with low switching and conduction losses. The phase shift feature of the control signal allows ZVS thereby eliminating the switching losses during FET device transition. It also minimize the parasitic effect and conduction losses at high frequency operation thereby increase system efficiency. A 3kW, 100 kHz high frequency phase-shifted full bridge converter was design and simulated in Matlab/Simulink to analyze the system performance prior to experimental implantation. The converter is intended for hybrid energy systems (HES) application in which a state space controller will be developed with wider dynamics to accommodate variable input sources mostly from renewable energy resources like solar and wind power. The converter simulation results shows that the system achieved greater than 90% efficiency at full load current.

Nor Zaihar Yahaya

Papers

Single-diode model and two-diode model of PV modules: A comparison

Review on non-isolated DC-DC converters and their control techniques for renewable energy applications

Matlab/Simulink model of solar PV array with perturb and observe MPPT for maximising PV array efficiency

Comparative studies of PID controller tuning methods on a DC-DC boost converter

Design and simulation of phase-shifted full bridge converter for hybrid energy systems