Despite the concern that has been expressed about potential method biases, and the pervasiveness of research settings with the potential to produce them, there is disagreement about whether they really are a problem for researchers in the behavioral sciences. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to explore the current state of knowledge about method biases. First, we explore the meaning of the terms “method” and “method bias” and then we examine whether method biases influence all measures equally. Next, we review the evidence of the effects that method biases have on individual measures and on the covariation between different constructs. Following this, we evaluate the procedural and statistical remedies that have been used to control method biases and provide recommendations for minimizing method bias.

Sources of Method Bias in Social Science Research and Recommendations on How to Control It

The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations

The memory consolidation hypothesis proposed 100 years ago by Muller and Pilzecker continues to guide memory research. The hypothesis that new memories consolidate slowly over time has stimulated studies revealing the hormonal and neural influences regulating memory consolidation, as well as molecular and cellular mechanisms. This review examines the progress made over the century in understanding the time-dependent processes that create our lasting memories.

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/287/5451/248.full.pdf

Memory--a century of consolidation.

http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/cap/26/1/1.pdf

Norman E. Spear

Papers

Information processing in animals : memory mechanisms

Retrieval of memory in animals.

The processing of memories : forgetting and retention

Information processing in animals : conditioned inhibition

Ontogeny of memory.