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Properties Of Concrete

A proof of principle for the use of Diels–Alder chemistry as a thermoreversible cross-linking tool for rubber products is demonstrated. A commercial ethylene-propylene rubber grafted with maleic anhydride has been thermoreversibly cross-linked in two steps. The pending anhydride rings were first modified with furfurylamine to graft furan groups onto the rubber backbone. These pending furans were cross-linked with a bismaleimide via a Diels–Alder coupling reaction. The newly formed Diels–Alder cross-links break at elevated temperatures (>150 °C) and can be re-formed by thermal annealing (50–70 °C). Reversibility of the rubber network was proven with infrared spectroscopy and on the basis of the mechanical properties. Furthermore, reversibility was also shown in a practical way, i.e., by cutting the used material into pieces and pressing them into new samples displaying comparable mechanical properties (impossible for conventionally cross-linked rubbers). The physical properties of the resulting products ar...

Use of Diels–Alder Chemistry for Thermoreversible Cross-Linking of Rubbers: The Next Step toward Recycling of Rubber Products?

Understanding the bitumen ageing phenomenon: A review

This synthesis explores the state-of-the-knowledge and state-of-the-practice regarding the latest updates on polymer-modified bitumens (PmBs). The information in this study was gathered from a thorough review of the latest papers in the literatures related to modified bituminous materials, technologies, and advances. For this purpose, the paper is presented in two principle sections. In the first part, the bitumen itself is investigated in terms of chemical structure and microstructural systems. In the second part, the paper focuses on bitumen modification from different aspects for assessing the effectiveness of the introduced additives and polymers for enhancing the engineering properties of bitumen in both paving and industrial applications. In conclusion, the knowledge obtained in this study has revealed the importance of the chemical composition of base bitumen for its modification. It can be declared that while some polymers/additives can improve one or some aspects of neat bitumen properties, they can lead to compatibility problems in storage and production. In this respect, several studies showed the effectiveness of waxes for improving the compatibility of polymers with bitumen in addition to some benefits regarding warm mix asphalt (WMA) production.

Bitumen and Bitumen Modification: A Review on Latest Advances

Laboratory investigation of the recycled asphalt concrete with stable crumb rubber asphalt binder

An immense problem affecting environmental pollution is the increase of waste tyre vehicles. In an attempt to decrease the magnitude of this issue, crumb rubber modifier (CRM) obtained from waste tyre rubber has gained interest in asphalt reinforcement. The use of crumb rubber in the reinforcement of asphalt is considered as a smart solution for sustainable development by reusing waste materials, and it is believed that crumb rubber modifier (CRM) could be an alternative polymer material in improving hot mix asphalt performance properties. In this paper, a critical review on the use of crumb rubber in reinforcement of asphalt pavement will be presented and discussed. It will also include a review on the effects of CRM on the stiffness, rutting, and fatigue resistance of road pavement construction.

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A review on using crumb rubber in reinforcement of asphalt pavement.

Several road pavement distresses are related to rheological bitumen properties. Rutting and fatigue cracking are the major distresses that lead to permanent failures in pavement construction. Influence of crumb rubber modifier (CRM) on rheological properties of bitumen binder such as improvement of high and intermediate temperatures is investigated in the binder&#x2019;s fatigue and rutting resistance through physical-rheological changes in this research. The bitumen binders were aged by rolling thin film oven (RTFOT) to simulate short-term aging and pressure aging vessel (PAV) to simulate long-term aging. The effects of aging on the rheological and physical properties of bitumen binders were studied conducting dynamic shear rheometer test (DSR), Brookfield viscometer test, softening point test, and penetration test. The results showed that the use of rubberised bitumen binder reduces the aging effect on physical and rheological properties of the bitumen binder as illustrated through lower aging index of viscosity, lower aging index of , and an increase in with crumb rubber modifier content increasing, indicating that the crumb rubber might improve the aging resistance of rubberised bitumen binder. In addition, the results showed that the softening point increment () and penetration aging ratio (PAR) of the rubberised bitumen binder decreased significantly due to crumb rubber modification. Furthermore, the higher crumb rubber content, the lower after PAV aging, which led to higher resistance to fatigue cracking bitumen.

/pdf/investigations-of-physical-and-rheological-properties-of-pprgo7nzz7.pdf

Investigations of Physical and Rheological Properties of Aged Rubberised Bitumen

Crumb rubber modification has been proven to enhance the properties of pure bitumen. This paper looks at some of the international standards for producing crumb rubber modified bitumen (CRMB) and reviews the effect of crumb rubber to the rheology of crumb rubber modified bitumen. The review shows that the rheology of CRMB depends on internal factors such as crumb rubber quantity, particle size, and pure bitumen composition, and external factors such as the mixing time, temperature, and also the modification technique. These factors govern the swelling process of crumb rubber particles that lead to the increase of viscosity of the modified bitumen. However, the mixing temperature and duration can cause rubber particles to depolymerize and subsequently cause loss of viscosity. Crumb rubber modification also improves the properties of bitumen by increasing the storage and loss modulus and enhancing the high and low temperature susceptibility. The effect of crumb rubber to aging properties of CRMB is also discussed. Finally several techniques of chemical modification to terminal blends of CRMB and the subsequent improvement to the settling property of CRMB are explained.

/pdf/a-review-on-the-effect-of-crumb-rubber-addition-to-the-2q2et51jfu.pdf

A Review on the Effect of Crumb Rubber Addition to the Rheology of Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen

To prevent pavement distresses there are various solutions such as adopting new mix designs or utilisation of asphalt additives. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the effect of adding crumb tyre rubber as an additive to SMA mixture performance properties. This study investigated the essential aspects of modified asphalt mixtures in order to better understand the influence of CRM modifiers on volumetric, mechanical, and stiffness properties of SMA mixture. In this study, virgin bitumen 80/100 penetration grade was used, modified with crumb rubber (CRM) at five different modification levels, namely, 6%, 12%, 16%, and 20%, respectively, by weight of the bitumen. The appropriate amount of the added CRM was found to be 12% by weight of bitumen. This percentage results in the maximum level of stability. The resilient modulus (Mr) of modified SMA samples including different percentages of CRM was obviously higher in comparison with that of unmodified samples.

/pdf/performance-evaluation-of-crumb-rubber-modified-stone-mastic-scucxrk90t.pdf

Performance Evaluation of Crumb Rubber Modified Stone Mastic Asphalt Pavement in Malaysia

The increase use of crumb rubber in flexible pavements requires the better understanding of its effect on physical and rheological properties of rubberised bitumen binders. The performance properties of rubberised bitumen binder are influenced by the blending conditions and crumb rubber content. The main objective of this research is to investigate the effect of various crumb rubber content on the physical, rheological properties and rutting resistance of rubberised bitumen. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate such related properties of bitumen binder with different rubber contents. The tests undertaken comprise the ductility test, elastic recovery test, penetration test and dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) test. The results showed that the addition of crumb rubber has an effect on the physical properties of rubberised bitumen binders, by increasing its elastic recovery and decreasing its penetration and ductility. The rubberised bitumen binder with higher crumb rubber content has an obvious effect on the rheological properties (increase in complex shear modulus G*, storage modulus G’, loss modulus G’’ and decrease in phase angle �). The results indicated that the rubber content has the potential to resist rutting deformation that occurs in road pavement as result of increased traffic loading.

http://eprints.um.edu.my/8793/1/Effect_of_crumb_rubber_concentration_on_the_physical_and_rheological_properties_of_rubberised_bitumen_binders.pdf

Nuha S. Mashaan

Papers

A review on using crumb rubber in reinforcement of asphalt pavement.

Investigations of Physical and Rheological Properties of Aged Rubberised Bitumen

A Review on the Effect of Crumb Rubber Addition to the Rheology of Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen

Performance Evaluation of Crumb Rubber Modified Stone Mastic Asphalt Pavement in Malaysia

Effect of crumb rubber concentration on the physical and rheological properties of rubberised bitumen binders