https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/portal/files/29211673/Fawole_etal_manuscript_revision_clean.pdf

Gas flaring and resultant air pollution: A review focusing on black carbon.

Gas flaring operations as experienced in the Niger Delta region (NDR) of Nigeria are characterized with the release of gases, particulates, noise and heat that have adversely affected both human and environment. The purpose of this paper was to conduct an inventory of pollutants (NO x , SO x , CO, NMVOC, PM 2.5 , and organic carbon (OC)) released over half a century in order to assess the environmental health risk of the region. Data on volumes of gas flared in the country and emission factors of pollutants sourced from literature were used in carrying out emission inventory from 1965 to 2015. The air quality index (AQI) of NO x , SO x , CO and PM 2.5 was estimated while the relative uncertainties associated with the emissions were obtained using Analytica® (4.6). The result showed that of the 1.78 × 10 12  m 3 of gas produced for a period of 51 years, 822.02 × 10 9  m 3 utilized and 917.17 × 10 9  m 3 were flared. Estimated total amount of 1.13 × 10 6 , 5.10 × 10 6 , 1.46 × 10 6 , 1.05 × 10 4 , 6.56 × 10 5 and 8.90 × 10 4  tons of NO x , CO, NMVOC, SO x , PM 2.5 , and OC, respectively, were emitted due to flaring. Relative uncertainties linked to the pollutants ranged from −99.53% to 335.02%. The environmental health risk assessment as indicated by the AQI showed that the emissions of NO x and PM 2.5 were hazardous, CO was unhealthy and SO x was good. Statistical analysis on PM 2.5 estimated in this study and life expectancy in NDR showed that both data are significant and statistically independent with a correlation coefficient of 0.6717. The implementation of sustainable development goals and other international initiatives aimed at reducing gas flaring in the NDR will ensure the well-being and livelihood of the inhabitants as well as the environment.

Gas flaring attendant impacts of criteria and particulate pollutants: A case of Niger Delta region of Nigeria

Evaluation of sustainable acid rain control options utilizing a fuzzy TOPSIS multi-criteria decision analysis model frame work

. This work is part of the DACCIWA FP7 project (Dynamics-Aerosol-Chemistry-Cloud Interactions in West Africa) in the framework of the Work Package 2 Air Pollution and Health . This study aims to characterize urban air pollution levels through the measurement of NO2, SO2, NH3, HNO3 and O3 in Abidjan, the economic capital of Cote d'Ivoire. Measurements of inorganic gaseous pollutants, i.e. NO2, SO2, NH3, HNO3 and O3 were performed in Abidjan during an intensive campaign within the dry season (15 December 2015 to 16 February 2016), using INDAAF (International Network to study Deposition and Atmospheric chemistry in AFrica) passive samplers exposed in duplicate for 2-week periods. Twenty-one sites were selected in the district of Abidjan to be representative of various anthropogenic and natural sources of air pollution in the city. Results from this intensive campaign show that gas concentrations are strongly linked to surrounding pollution sources and show a high spatial variability. Also, NH3, NO2 and O3 gases were present at relatively higher concentrations at all the sites. NH3 average concentrations varied between 9.1 ± 1.7 ppb at a suburban site and 102.1 ± 9.1 ppb at a domestic fires site. NO2 mean concentration varied from 2.7 ± 0.1 ppb at a suburban site to 25.0 ± 1.7 ppb at an industrial site. Moreover, we measured the highest O3 concentration at the two coastal sites of Gonzagueville and Felix-Houphouet-Boigny International Airport located in the southeast of the city, with average concentrations of 19.1 ± 1.7 and 18.8 ± 3.0 ppb, respectively. The SO2 average concentration never exceeded 7.2 ± 1.2 ppb over all the sites, with 71.5 % of the sampling sites showing concentrations ranging between 0.4 and 1.9 ppb. The HNO3 average concentration ranged between 0.2 and 1.4 ppb. All these results were combined with meteorological parameters to provide the first mapping of gaseous pollutants on the scale of the district of Abidjan using geostatistical analysis (ArcGIS software). Spatial distribution results emphasize the importance of the domestic fires source and the significant impact of the traffic emissions on the scale of the city. In addition, in this work we propose a first overview of gaseous SO2 and NO2 concentrations on the scale of several African cities by comparing literature to our values. The daily SO2 standard of World Health Organization (WHO) is exceeded in most of the cities reported in the overview, with concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 3662 µg m−3. Annual NO2 concentrations ranged from 2 to 175 µg m−3, which are lower than the WHO threshold. As a conclusion, this study constitutes an original database to characterize urban air pollution and a first attempt towards presenting a spatial distribution of the pollution levels at the scale of the metropolis of Abidjan. This work should draw the attention of the African public authorities to the necessity of building an air quality monitoring network in order to (1) to define national standards and to better control the pollutants emissions and (2) to investigate the impact on the health of the growing population in developing African countries.

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A pilot study of gaseous pollutants' measurement (NO 2 , SO 2 , NH 3 , HNO 3 and O 3 ) in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire: contribution to an overview of gaseous pollution in African cities

Revamping existing glycol technologies in natural gas dehydration to improve the purity and absorption efficiency: Available methods and recent developments

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to better understand the impact of petroleum production facilities on ambient air quality of host airshed.Design/methodology/approach – Field measurements were taken daily for four consecutive months around petroleum production facilities in the Niger Delta area, of Nigeria, one of the world's important petroleum producing areas. Statistical analysis tool and air quality analytical tool known as the air quality index (AQI) were applied on the field data obtained.Findings – The mean measured daily concentrations of both carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) between distances 50 and 500 m of petroleum flow stations were of the range 140 – 3400 μg/m3 and 23 – 1250 μg/m3 respectively. The AQI from measured CO concentrations in the study area ranged between 1 and 44, an indication of good AQI category with no known health effects but a need for cautionary statement. Similarly, over 97 percent of the measured concentrations of NO2 were below 0.60 ppm which implies th...

/pdf/air-quality-index-pattern-around-petroleum-production-2gi3kgix2q.pdf

Air quality index pattern around petroleum production facilities

In the process of crude oil production, sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas is produced as a result of flaring and booming of crude oil associated gases. This paper presents the study carried out on the monitoring of SO2 emission from some oilfields in the crude oil producing areas of Niger-Delta region of Nigeria. Six locations were studied while monitoring involved morning and evening times for four months using a Testo 350 Flue Gas Analyzer. Comparison of the mean measurements with Nigerian FEPA tolerance limits indicate that SO2 values from 60 m away from the point sources for all the fields were comparatively higher than their maximum tolerance limits of 50 μg/m3 for long term exposure and SO2 values were also comparatively higher than the emission limit range (30–300 μg/m3) for SO2 from stationary sources. It is concluded that this breach of tolerance level may result in acid rain formation, which can be detrimental to the environment while the long-term effect can alter the ecology of the areas. It i...

O. A. Okelana

Papers

Air quality index pattern around petroleum production facilities

Air-borne SO2 Pollution Monitoring in the Upstream Petroleum Operation Areas of Niger-Delta, Nigeria