Soil Chemical Analysis

A substantial number of micropropagated plants do not survive transfer from in vitro conditions to greenhouse or field environment. The greenhouse and field have substantially lower relative humidity, higher light level and septic environment that are stressful to micropropagated plants compared to in vitro conditions. The benefit of any micropropagation system can, however, only be fully realized by the successful transfer of plantlets from tissue-culture vessels to the ambient conditions found ex vitro. Most species grown in vitro require an acclimatization process in order to ensure that sufficient number of plants survive and grow vigorously when transferred to soil. This article reviews current and developing methods for the acclimatization of micropropagated plantlets.

Acclimatization of tissue cultured plants

In vitro manipulation and propagation of medicinal plants

Trees are an integral part of human life, and a vital component of biodiversity. Forest trees in particular are renewable sources of food, fodder, fuel wood, timber and other valuable non-timber products. Due to the rapid growth of population and the human desire to progress, there has been a tremendous reduction in forest cover from the earth’s surface. To maintain and sustain forest vegetation, conventional approaches have been exploited in the past for propagation and improvement. However, such efforts are confronted with several inherent bottlenecks. Biotechnological interventions for in vitro regeneration, mass micropropagation and gene transfer methods in forest tree species have been practised with success, especially in the last decade. Against the background of the limitations of long juvenile phases and life span, development of plant regeneration protocols and genetic engineering of tree species are gaining importance. Genetic engineering assumes additional significance, because of the possibility of introducing a desired gene in a single step for precision breeding of forest trees. There are no comprehensive and detailed reviews available combining research developments with major emphases on tissue culture and basic genetic transformation in tree species. The present communication attempts to overview the progress in tissue culture, genetic transformation and biotechnological applications in the last decade and future implications.

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Progress in tissue culture, genetic transformation and applications of biotechnology to trees: an overview

In vitro propagation of rose--a review.

Multiple shoots were obtained from nodal explants of 10-year-old tree of Morus laevigata on Murashige and Skoog's medium supplemented with different concentrations (0.5–5.0 mg.l−1) of benzyladenine (BA). Nodal segments taken from in vitro proliferated shoots gave further multiple shoots when cultured on the same basal medium containing 2.5 mg.l−1 BA. Repeated subculture resulted in rapid shoot multiplication at the average rate of 6-fold per subculture. In vitro raised shoots rooted on MS medium containing 0.1 mg. l−1 each of 3-indolebutyric acid (ISA) and α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). The regenerated plantlets were successfully established in soil under field conditions after a few days of indoor acclimatization.

Micropropagation of Morus laevigata Wall. from mature trees.

A protocol for organogenesis from nucellar explants excised from fertilized ovules of immature fruits of Aegle marmelos Corr. was developed. Adventitious buds were initiated on Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium containing various combinations of 6-benzyladenine (BA), α-naphthalene-acetic acid (NAA), 3-indoleacetic acid and gibberellic acid. Medium containing 4.4 μm BA and 2.7 μM NAA produced the maximum number of adventitious buds per explant. Shoots were elongated by transferring explants with shoot buds to medium with a low concentration of BA (0.44 μM). Rooting of in vitro-regenerated shoots was obtained in half-strength MS medium with 4.9 μM indole-3-butyric acid. This is the first report of plant regeneration from nucellar explants of A. marmelos.

Plant regeneration from nucllar tissues of Aegle marmelos through organogenesis

Regeneration of aegle marmelos (l.) corr. plants in vitro from callus cultures of embryonic tissues

A protocol for organogenesis from leaf explants of in-vitro grown seedlings of Aegle marmelos is presented. Adventitious buds were initiated on MS medium containing various concentrations and combinations of 6-benzyl-aminopurine (BAP) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). The maximum frequency of shoot organogenesis and the highest number of shoots per explant was obtained when 1.5 mg I“1 BAP and 0.5 mg I'1 IAA were applied. Twenty day old seedlings proved to be the optimum source for culture. Shoots were elongated on the same basal medium without auxin and supplemented with 0.5 mg l"1 BAP. Elongated shoots were rooted on half strength MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg T1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA).

O. I. Joarder

Papers

Micropropagation of Morus laevigata Wall. from mature trees.

Plant regeneration from nucllar tissues of Aegle marmelos through organogenesis

Regeneration of aegle marmelos (l.) corr. plants in vitro from callus cultures of embryonic tissues

Adventitious shoot formation on excised leaf explants of in-vitro grown seedlings of Aegle marmelos Corr.

Regeneration of plantlets from in vitro cultured cotyledons of Aegle marmelos Corr. (Rutaceae)