The semiconductor ZnO has gained substantial interest in the research community in part because of its large exciton binding energy (60meV) which could lead to lasing action based on exciton recombination even above room temperature. Even though research focusing on ZnO goes back many decades, the renewed interest is fueled by availability of high-quality substrates and reports of p-type conduction and ferromagnetic behavior when doped with transitions metals, both of which remain controversial. It is this renewed interest in ZnO which forms the basis of this review. As mentioned already, ZnO is not new to the semiconductor field, with studies of its lattice parameter dating back to 1935 by Bunn [Proc. Phys. Soc. London 47, 836 (1935)], studies of its vibrational properties with Raman scattering in 1966 by Damen et al. [Phys. Rev. 142, 570 (1966)], detailed optical studies in 1954 by Mollwo [Z. Angew. Phys. 6, 257 (1954)], and its growth by chemical-vapor transport in 1970 by Galli and Coker [Appl. Phys. ...

/pdf/a-comprehensive-review-of-zno-materials-and-devices-21a3zjadem.pdf

A comprehensive review of zno materials and devices

This essential reference for graduate students and researchers provides a unified treatment of earthquakes and faulting as two aspects of brittle tectonics at different timescales. The intimate connection between the two is manifested in their scaling laws and populations, which evolve from fracture growth and interactions between fractures. The connection between faults and the seismicity generated is governed by the rate and state dependent friction laws - producing distinctive seismic styles of faulting and a gamut of earthquake phenomena including aftershocks, afterslip, earthquake triggering, and slow slip events. The third edition of this classic treatise presents a wealth of new topics and new observations. These include slow earthquake phenomena; friction of phyllosilicates, and at high sliding velocities; fault structures; relative roles of strong and seismogenic versus weak and creeping faults; dynamic triggering of earthquakes; oceanic earthquakes; megathrust earthquakes in subduction zones; deep earthquakes; and new observations of earthquake precursory phenomena.

The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting

http://mech.spbstu.ru/images/b/bd/Potyondy_Cundall_2004_A_bonded-particle_model_for_rock.pdf

A bonded-particle model for rock

Amorphous alloys were first developed over 40 years ago and found applications as magnetic core or reinforcement added to other materials. The scope of applications is limited due to the small thickness in the region of only tens of microns. The research effort in the past two decades, mainly pioneered by a Japanese- and a US-group of scientists, has substantially relaxed this size constrain. Some bulk metallic glasses can have tensile strength up to 3000 MPa with good corrosion resistance, reasonable toughness, low internal friction and good processability. Bulk metallic glasses are now being used in consumer electronic industries, sporting goods industries, etc. In this paper, the authors reviewed the recent development of new alloy systems of bulk metallic glasses. The properties and processing technologies relevant to the industrial applications of these alloys are also discussed here. The behaviors of bulk metallic glasses under extreme conditions such as high pressure and low temperature are especially addressed in this review. In order that the scope of applications can be broadened, the understanding of the glass-forming criteria is important for the design of new alloy systems and also the processing techniques.

https://www.tcd.ie/Physics/people/Graham.Cross/SF%20Poster%202011/Shek-MaterSciEng04-Bulk%20Metallic%20Glasses.pdf

Bulk metallic glasses

Preface 1. Basic tools 2. Elasticity and Hooke's law 3. Seismic wave propagation 4. Effective media 5. Granular media 6. Fluid effects on wave propagation 7. Empirical relations 8. Flow and diffusion 9. Electrical properties Appendices.

/pdf/the-rock-physics-handbook-tools-for-seismic-analysis-of-58lw74s1oi.pdf

The Rock Physics Handbook: Tools for Seismic Analysis of Porous Media

A simplified method for calculating the debye temperature from elastic constants

Elastic constants and their measurement

Ultrasonic wave velocities in single-crystal forsterite (F) and single-crystal olivine (O) have been measured as a function of pressure and of temperature near ambient conditions. Shear and longitudinal velocities were measured in eighteen independent modes, so that each of the nine elastic constants could be calculated by at least two independent equations. The adiabatic stiffness constants cij (in Mb), their temperature derivatives dcij/dT (10−4 Mb/deg), and their pressure derivatives dCij/dP, are ij 11 22 33 44 55 66 23 31 12Cij (F) 3.284 1.998 2.353 0.6515 0.8120 0.8088 0.738 0.688 0.639 (O) 3.237 1.976 2.351 0.6462 0.7805 0.7904 0.756 0.716 0.664dcij/dT (F) 3.31 2.81 2.83 1.30 1.32 1.51 0.46 0.82 1.04 (O) 3.40 2.85 2.86 1.28 1.30 1.57 0.51 0.94 1.05dcij/dP (F) 8.47 6.56 6.57 2.12 1.66 2.37 4.11 4.84 4.67 (O) 7.98 6.37 6.38 2.17 1.64 2.31 3.76 4.48 4.74The density ρo and other isotropic properties including the adiabatic bulk modulus Ks, the shear modulus μ, the Poisson ratio σs, and their pressure and temperature derivatives (using the same dimensions as above) computed by the VRH (Voigt-Reuss-Hill) method are ρ Ks μ σs dKs/dT dμ/dT dσs/dT, 10−5 °C−1 dKs/dP dμ/dP dσs/dP(F) 3.224 1.286 0.811 0.240 −1.50 −1.30 0.93 5.37 1.80 0.42(O) 3.311 1.294 0.791 0.246 −1.56 −1.30 0.92 5.13 1.79 0.36

Elastic moduli, pressure derivatives, and temperature derivatives of single‐crystal olivine and single‐crystal forsterite

Measurements of the elastic constants and related pressure and temperature derivatives of ten compounds of interest to geophysical and geochemical theories are reported and analyzed. We discuss the corrections that are expected from effects of anisotropy and porosity and conclude that polycrystalline samples with porosities of 4% are not adequate for reliable acoustic measurements. We find that two anharmonic parameters, γth and δS, are independent of temperature at high temperature, and we use this result to estimate the temperature derivative of the bulk modulus at high temperatures. We present a number of correlations between the elastic constants and illustrate their use by attempting to predict the unmeasured elastic properties of fayalite.

Some elastic constant data on minerals relevant to geophysics

The temperature dependence of the thermodynamic and the elastic properties of elemental gold are found from published data. It is shown that measurements for (∂KT/∂P)T near 5.5 are more thermodynamically consistent than are higher values of this parameter which have been reported earlier. Using 5.5 for (∂KT/∂P)T, we find that (∂KT/∂T)V is not zero but −11.5×10−3 GPa K−1 for high temperatures (T>θD, where θD is the Debye temperature). One consequence of this is that above θD the thermal pressure, PTH, along the room‐pressure isobar can be expressed as PTH(T)−PTH(300)=[7.14×10−3 +(∂K T/∂T)v ln(Va/V)] ×(T−300) GPa for T at absolute temperature and Va being the volume at ambient conditions. These results give thermal pressure values near those previously reported at small compressions, but give lower thermal pressures at large compressions. This study suggests that in order to ensure thermodynamic consistency, the value of d ln γ/d ln V is near 2.5–3.0 which is higher than values of 1.0 and 1.7 reported previ...

Orson L. Anderson

Papers

A simplified method for calculating the debye temperature from elastic constants

Elastic constants and their measurement

Elastic moduli, pressure derivatives, and temperature derivatives of single‐crystal olivine and single‐crystal forsterite

Some elastic constant data on minerals relevant to geophysics

Anharmonicity and the equation of state for gold