In the Hamadryas baboon, males are substantially larger than females. A troop of baboons is subdivided into a number of ‘one-male groups’, consisting of one adult male and one or more females with their young. The male prevents any of ‘his’ females from moving too far from him. Kummer (1971) performed the following experiment. Two males, A and B, previously unknown to each other, were placed in a large enclosure. Male A was free to move about the enclosure, but male B was shut in a small cage, from which he could observe A but not interfere. A female, unknown to both males, was then placed in the enclosure. Within 20 minutes male A had persuaded the female to accept his ownership. Male B was then released into the open enclosure. Instead of challenging male A , B avoided any contact, accepting A’s ownership.

Evolution and the Theory of Games

Advancements in medical science and technology, medicine and public health coupled with increased consciousness about nutrition and environmental and personal hygiene have paved the way for the dramatic increase in life expectancy globally in the past several decades. However, increased life expectancy has given rise to an increasing aging population, thus jeopardizing the socio-economic structure of many countries in terms of costs associated with elderly healthcare and wellbeing. In order to cope with the growing need for elderly healthcare services, it is essential to develop affordable, unobtrusive and easy-to-use healthcare solutions. Smart homes, which incorporate environmental and wearable medical sensors, actuators, and modern communication and information technologies, can enable continuous and remote monitoring of elderly health and wellbeing at a low cost. Smart homes may allow the elderly to stay in their comfortable home environments instead of expensive and limited healthcare facilities. Healthcare personnel can also keep track of the overall health condition of the elderly in real-time and provide feedback and support from distant facilities. In this paper, we have presented a comprehensive review on the state-of-the-art research and development in smart home based remote healthcare technologies.

Smart Homes for Elderly Healthcare—Recent Advances and Research Challenges

Health monitoring and its related technologies is an attractive research area. The electrocardiogram (ECG) has always been a popular measurement scheme to assess and diagnose cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The number of ECG monitoring systems in the literature is expanding exponentially. Hence, it is very hard for researchers and healthcare experts to choose, compare, and evaluate systems that serve their needs and fulfill the monitoring requirements. This accentuates the need for a verified reference guiding the design, classification, and analysis of ECG monitoring systems, serving both researchers and professionals in the field. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive, expert-verified taxonomy of ECG monitoring systems and conduct an extensive, systematic review of the literature. This provides evidence-based support for critically understanding ECG monitoring systems’ components, contexts, features, and challenges. Hence, a generic architectural model for ECG monitoring systems is proposed, an extensive analysis of ECG monitoring systems’ value chain is conducted, and a thorough review of the relevant literature, classified against the experts’ taxonomy, is presented, highlighting challenges and current trends. Finally, we identify key challenges and emphasize the importance of smart monitoring systems that leverage new technologies, including deep learning, artificial intelligence (AI), Big Data and Internet of Things (IoT), to provide efficient, cost-aware, and fully connected monitoring systems.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/6/1796/pdf

ECG Monitoring Systems: Review, Architecture, Processes, and Key Challenges.

Conventional medical image watermarking techniques focus on improving invisibility and robustness of the watermarking mechanism to prevent medical disputes. This paper proposes a medical image watermarking algorithm based on the significant difference of cellular automata transform (CAT) for copyright protection. The medical image is firstly subsampled into four subimages, and two images are randomly chosen to obtain two low-frequency bandwidths using CAT. Coefficients within a low-frequency bandwidth are important information in an image. Hence, the difference between two low-frequency bandwidths is used as an important feature in the medical image. From these important features, watermarks and cover images can be used to generate an ownership share image (OSI) used for verifying the medical image. Besides appearing like cover images, the OSI will also be able to register with a third party. When a suspected medical image requires verification, the important features from the suspected medical image are first extracted. The master share image (MSI) can be generated from the important features from the suspected medical image. Lastly, the OSI and MSI can be combined to extract the watermark to verify the suspected medical image. The advantage of our proposed method is that the medical image does not require alteration to protect the copyright of the medical image. This means that while the image is protected, medical disputes will be unlikely and the appearance of the registered OSI will carry significant data to make management more convenient. Lastly, the proposed method has the features of having better security, invisibility, and robustness. Moreover, experimental results have demonstrated that our method results in good performance.

Lossless medical image watermarking method based on significant difference of cellular automata transform coefficient

Adoption of telemedicine applications among Saudi citizens during COVID-19 pandemic: An alternative health delivery system.

Recently, remote healthcare systems have received increasing attention in the last decade, explaining why intelligent systems with physiology signal monitoring for e-health care are an emerging area of development. Therefore, this study adopts a system which includes continuous collection and evaluation of multiple vital signs, long-term healthcare, and a cellular connection to a medical center in emergency case and it transfers all acquired raw data by the internet in normal case. The proposed system can continuously acquire four different physiological signs, for example, ECG, SpO2, temperature, and blood pressure and further relayed them to an intelligent data analysis scheme to diagnose abnormal pulses for exploring potential chronic diseases. The proposed system also has a friendly web-based interface for medical staff to observe immediate pulse signals for remote treatment. Once abnormal event happened or the request to real-time display vital signs is confirmed, all physiological signs will be immediately transmitted to remote medical server through both cellular networks and internet. Also data can be transmitted to a family member's mobile phone or doctor's phone through GPRS. A prototype of such system has been successfully developed and implemented, which will offer high standard of healthcare with a major reduction in cost for our society.

https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ijta/2014/380787.pdf

A wireless emergency telemedicine system for patients monitoring and diagnosis

In this paper, we propose game-theoretic approaches to model the cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio environment with cognitive secondary users (SU) capable of energy harvesting. An evolutionary game model is considered in the first scenario, where distributed SUs are allowed to choose between two strategies, cooperate to sense the spectrum, or deny to be a free rider. The sensed data is sent to a fusion center (FC) to have a final decision about the existence of the primary user. In the second scenario, the Stackelberg game is applied to model the case when the FC participates as a leader in the game, with carefully designed incentives to SUs to encourage cooperation. Simulation results show the behavior of the two proposed game models and quantify the improvement due to the FC intervention in the Stackelberg game model.

Game Theoretic Approaches for Cooperative Spectrum Sensing in Energy-Harvesting Cognitive Radio Networks

In this paper, a cooperative cyclostationary compressed spectrum sensing algorithm is proposed to enable accurate, reliable and fast sensing of wideband spectrum. In the proposed algorithm each secondary-user (SU) sends the compressed data vector to the fusion center (FC) which has a copy of the sensing matrices for all cooperated SUs. Then, at the FC, the fast fourier transform accumulation method (FAM) based on cooperative multitask compressive sensing (MCS) algorithm is employed to recover the spectral correlation function (SCF) from the compressed measurements. The proposed algorithm has two main components. The first component exploits the cooperation between SUs to produce an estimate of the investigated signal spectrum using multi-task compressive sensing. In the second component, the cyclic feature detection is performed based on the recovered SCF function. Simulation results demonstrate the robustness and the effectiveness of the proposed framework against both sampling rate reduction and noise uncertainty.

Cyclostationary-based cooperative compressed wideband spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks

Radio frequency (RF) transmit power calibration is critical for proper operation of wireless communication systems. In this letter, a data-driven calibration algorithm is proposed to correct the transmit power in the RF front-end module. The proposed method converts the transmit power calibration problem into a parameter estimation problem. Unlike other power calibration methods, the proposed calibration algorithm does not need to establish an accurate system model. It bypasses the modeling step and only requires the input/output (I/O) measurement data of the system. The experimental results show that the transmit power error is reduced from 1.5 dB to 0.25 dB using the proposed data-driven calibration algorithm.

Data-Driven RF Transmit Power Calibration for Wireless Communication Systems

Sensing the spectrum is the central operation to enable cognitive users to identify the spectrum occupancy. Wideband spectrum sensing enables detecting occupancy at different bands. In this paper, we propose a wavelet based multitask compressive sensing (WMCS) algorithm for constructing the spectrum edges directly from the compressive measurement. The WMCS algorithm forms new compressive sensing (CS) tasks by using the wavelet transform of the power spectral density at different scales. The algorithm then forms the spectrum subbands using the estimated edges and classifies the subbands as either occupied or sparse. Simulation results show the improved performance of the proposed algorithm.

Osama Elnahas

Papers

A wireless emergency telemedicine system for patients monitoring and diagnosis

Game Theoretic Approaches for Cooperative Spectrum Sensing in Energy-Harvesting Cognitive Radio Networks

Cyclostationary-based cooperative compressed wideband spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks

Data-Driven RF Transmit Power Calibration for Wireless Communication Systems

Wideband spectrum sensing technique based on multitask compressive sensing