There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

This paper presents a detailed description of finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) applied to power converters Several key aspects related to this methodology are, in depth, presented and compared with traditional power converter control techniques, such as linear controllers with pulsewidth-modulation-based methods The basic concepts, operating principles, control diagrams, and results are used to provide a comparison between the different control strategies The analysis is performed on a traditional three-phase voltage source inverter, used as a simple and comprehensive reference frame However, additional topologies and power systems are addressed to highlight differences, potentialities, and challenges of FCS-MPC Among the conclusions are the feasibility and great potential of FCS-MPC due to present-day signal-processing capabilities, particularly for power systems with a reduced number of switching states and more complex operating principles, such as matrix converters In addition, the possibility to address different or additional control objectives easily in a single cost function enables a simple, flexible, and improved performance controller for power-conversion systems

Model Predictive Control—A Simple and Powerful Method to Control Power Converters

Predictive control is a very wide class of controllers that have found rather recent application in the control of power converters. Research on this topic has been increased in the last years due to the possibilities of today's microprocessors used for the control. This paper presents the application of different predictive control methods to power electronics and drives. A simple classification of the most important types of predictive control is introduced, and each one of them is explained including some application examples. Predictive control presents several advantages that make it suitable for the control of power converters and drives. The different control schemes and applications presented in this paper illustrate the effectiveness and flexibility of predictive control.

Predictive Control in Power Electronics and Drives

This paper addresses to some of the latest contributions on the application of Finite Control Set Model Predictive Control (FCS-MPC) in Power Electronics. In FCS-MPC , the switching states are directly applied to the power converter, without the need of an additional modulation stage. The paper shows how the use of FCS-MPC provides a simple and efficient computational realization for different control objectives in Power Electronics. Some applications of this technology in drives, active filters, power conditioning, distributed generation and renewable energy are covered. Finally, attention is paid to the discussion of new trends in this technology and to the identification of open questions and future research topics.

State of the Art of Finite Control Set Model Predictive Control in Power Electronics

Model-based predictive control (MPC) for power converters and drives is a control technique that has gained attention in the research community. The main reason for this is that although MPC presents high computational burden, it can easily handle multivariable case and system constraints and nonlinearities in a very intuitive way. Taking advantage of that, MPC has been successfully used for different applications such as an active front end (AFE), power converters connected to resistor inductor RL loads, uninterruptible power supplies, and high-performance drives for induction machines, among others. This article provides a review of the application of MPC in the power electronics area.

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Model Predictive Control: A Review of Its Applications in Power Electronics

This paper presents a new control scheme for an active front-end rectifier using model-based predictive control. The control strategy minimizes a cost function, which represents the desired behavior of the converter. Future values of currents and power are predicted using a discrete-time model. The active and reactive powers are directly controlled by selecting the optimal switching state. The main advantages of this method are that there is no need of linear current controllers, coordinates transformations or modulators. The rectifier operates with sinusoidal input currents and unity power factor. Simulation and experimental results are presented to verify the performance of the proposed power control scheme.

Direct Power Control of an AFE Using Predictive Control

This paper presents an improved predictive direct power control (P-DPC) algorithm for grid-connected three-phase voltage source converters without AC-side voltage sensors. The new algorithm is based on virtual-flux (VF) estimation and operates with constant switching frequency. Predictive controller selects in every sampling period appropriate voltage vector sequence and calculates duty cycles in order to minimize instantaneous active and reactive power errors. The theoretical principles of this algorithm are discussed, and selected experimental measurements and scope graphs that illustrate the operation and performance of the system are presented. It is shown that VF-P-DPC algorithm exhibits several advantages, particularly sinusoidal-grid-current low harmonic distortion even when grid voltage is distorted. In addition, the algorithm provides high dynamics at low switching frequency of 2 kHz.

Virtual-Flux-Based Predictive Direct Power Control of AC/DC Converters With Online Inductance Estimation

In this paper, a new control scheme of an active boost rectifier has been presented. Proposed power control method uses a discretetime model of the converter to predict future behaviour for all possible voltage vectors. The most effective vector is chosen for next sampling period by minimizing a cost function. Presented Predictive Direct Power Control (P-DPC) scheme has been compared with classical Switching Table based Direct Power Control (ST-DPC) method. Laboratory results shows that predictive control in relation to classical ST-DPC method works properly at low sampling frequency and owns better dynamic and steady state performance.

Predictive direct power control of three-phase boost rectifier

In this paper two predictive direct power control (P-DPC) algorithms developed by authors for a three- phase AC/DC converter are presented and compared In the first, a variable switching frequency (VSF) algorithm, behavior of active and reactive power is predicted for all available voltage vectors generated by the AC/DC converter and the voltage vector which minimizes a cost function is selected for the next sampling period The second, a constant switching frequency (CSF) algorithm, in every sampling period selects the voltage-vectors' sequences and computes their application instants in order to minimize tracking error of active- and reactive-power Experimental results measured on 5 kVA laboratory AC/DC converter show performance of both P-DPC algorithms in stationary and transient states

Comparative study of two predictive direct power control algorithms for three-phase AC/DC converters

This paper presents Virtual Flux based predictive direct power control (VF-P-DPC) algorithm, for a three phase AC/DC converter. Control strategy selects in every sampling period voltage vector sequence, and calculates duty cycles in order to minimize instantaneous active and reactive power errors. Moreover due to virtual flux approach, presented algorithm works without grid voltage sensor. Combined advantages of predictive control and sensor less operation gives very universal control with high dynamic response in transient states as well as good performance in steady states.

P. Antoniewicz

Papers

Direct Power Control of an AFE Using Predictive Control

Virtual-Flux-Based Predictive Direct Power Control of AC/DC Converters With Online Inductance Estimation

Predictive direct power control of three-phase boost rectifier

Comparative study of two predictive direct power control algorithms for three-phase AC/DC converters

Virtual Flux Predictive Direct Power Control of three phase AC/DC converter