http://www.orobievive.net/conoscere/bostrico.pdf

Ecology and management of the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus—a review of recent research

The BAWBILT bases in Europe.- The Bawbilt Context in Europe.- The Directory of European Experts.- The Bawbilt Database.- Damage and Control of Bawbilt Organisms an Overview.- Bark Beetles.- Taxonomy and Systematics of Bark and Ambrosia Beetles.- Genetic Tools in Scolytid Research.- General Biology of Bark Beetles.- Chemical Ecology of Bark Beetles in a Complex Olfactory Landscape.- Host Resistance to Bark Beetles and Its Variations.- Fungal Associates of European Bark Beetles With Special Emphasis on the Ophiostomatoid Fungi.- Research on Parasitoids and Predators of Scolytidae - A Review.- Pathogens in Bark Beetles.- Bark Weevils.- Taxonomy and Systematics of Bark Weevils.- General Biology and Life Cycles of Bark Weevils.- Semiochemicals in the Life of Bark Feeding Weevils.- Hylobius Abietis - Host Utilisation and Resistance.- Fungi Associated With Hylobius Abietis and Other Weevils.- Parasitoids, Predators, Nematodes and Pathogens Associated with Bark Weevil Pests.- Damage, Control and Management of Weevil Pests, Especially Hylobius Abietis.- Buprestids and Longhorns.- Biology, Ecology and Economic Importance of Buprestidae and Cerambycidae.- Natural Enemies of Cerambycidae and Buprestidae Infesting Living Trees.- "Non-Coleopteran" Bawbilt organisms.- "Non-Coleopteran Insects".- Research needs and priorities for Europe.- General Conclusions and Research Priorities for Bawbilt Organisms in Europe.

Bark and Wood Boring Insects in Living Trees in Europe, a Synthesis

The impact of dry deposition of SO2 emissions on ant abundance, diversity and composition was investigated at Mount Isa in the semiarid tropics of northern Australia. Forty plots were sampled, stratified at two levels: sulfur deposition zones (high, medium, low, and two control zones) and habitat (Ridge and Plain). The two habitats supported distinctly different ant communities. Ants had clear responses to SO2 emissions. Ant abundance was lowest in the high and medium sulfur zones in both habitats. Species richness in high SO2 plots (up to 5 km from the source) was approximately half that of control plots in Ridge habitat, and was substantially less than controls in the Plain habitat. Ant community composition in the high sulfur zone was clearly separated from those of other zones in ordinations. Vector fitting showed soil SO4 concentration as a primary correlative factor in this separation. Ant abundance and richness were both negatively correlated with soil SO4 concentration, and positively correlated with plant species richness and distance away from the smelters. The abundance of 10 of the 21 most common species showed significant responses to emissions. Five species showed positive responses, and all belong to species-groups known to be abundant at disturbed sites throughout northern Australia. Relative abundance and richness of Eyrean (arid adapted) taxa collectively responded positively to sulfur, and Torresian (tropical) and Widespread species responded negatively. Despite large changes in species composition and abundances, there was relatively little change in the abundance of functional groups that have been widely used in studies of Australian ant communities. Ants are sensitive to SO2 emissions and appear to be good candidates as an indicator group in this context. However, an alternative functional group framework is required for the identification of recurrent responses of arid zone ant communities to disturbance.

Responses of ant communities to dry sulfur deposition from mining emissions in semi‐arid tropical Australia, with implications for the use of functional groups

In the past 100 years many exotic naturalenemies have been imported, mass reared andreleased as biological control agents. Negativeenvironmental effects of these releases haverarely been reported. The current popularity ofinundative biological control may, however,result in problems, as an increasing number ofactivities will be executed by persons nottrained in identification, evaluation andrelease of biological control agents.Therefore, a methodology for risk assessmenthas been developed within the EU-financedproject `Evaluating Environmental Risks ofBiological Control Introductions into Europe[ERBIC]' as a basis for regulation of importand release of exotic natural enemies used ininundative forms of biological control (i.e.not in `classical biological control' thoughsome of the same principles and approachesapply). This paper proposes a general frameworkof a risk assessment methodology for biologicalcontrol agents, integrating information on thepotential of an agent to establish, itsabilities to disperse, its host range, and itsdirect and indirect effects on non-targets. Ofthese parameters, estimating indirect effectson non-targets will be most difficult, asmyriads of indirect effects may occur whengeneralist natural enemies are introduced. Theparameter `host range' forms a central elementin the whole risk evaluation process, becauselack of host specificity might lead tounacceptable risk if the agent establishes anddisperses widely, whereas, in contrast, amonophagous biological control agent is notexpected to create serious risk even when itestablishes and disperses well. Drawing onpublished information and expert opinion, theproposed risk assessment methodology is appliedto a number of biological control agentscurrently in use. These illustrative casehistories indicate that the risk assessmentmethodology can discriminate between agents,with some species attaining low `risk indices'and others scoring moderate or high. Riskindices should, however, not be seen asabsolute values, but as indicators to which ajudgement can be connected by biologicalcontrol experts for granting permission torelease or not.

/pdf/environmental-risk-assessment-of-exotic-natural-enemies-used-1gybt6nmbr.pdf

Environmental risk assessment of exotic natural enemies used in inundative biological control

▪ Abstract Hyperparasitoids are secondary insect parasitoids that develop at the expense of a primary parasitoid, thereby representing a highly evolved fourth trophic level. This review evaluates multitrophic relationships and hyperparasitoid ecology. First, hyperparasitoid communities of various taxa of phytophagous and predacious insects are described. Second, specific patterns of hyperparasitoid community organization and hyperparasitoid ecology are described in detail, using the aphid-parasitoid–hyperparasitoid food web as a model system. Aphid hyperparasitoid communities consist of ecto- and endohyperparasitoids, with ectohyperparasitoids being less host specific than endohyperparasitoids. Lifetime fecundity and intrinsic rate of increase of hyperparasitoids are generally lower than those of their primary hosts. Aphid ectohyperparasitoids search randomly for hosts and do not use specific cues, whereas endohyperparasitoids gain information that originates from host plants or hosts for long-range searc...

HYPERPARASITISM: Multitrophic Ecology and Behavior

Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) (= L. t.) has been introduced from Cuba (via Czechoslovakia) to Southern France in 1973/74 to control the exotic aphids Toxoptera aurantii (B.d.F.) and Aphis citricola v. d. G. on Citrus. Research until 1986 showed that L. t. had established over the whole of Mediterranean France (as well as Spain, Portugal, and most of Italy to Sicily). Apart of high effectiveness on the target species (incomplete parasitism on A. citricola) L.t. has become the predominant parasitoid of a number of indigenous pest aphids and indifferent species in all environments from agroecosystems to climax ecosystems (forests). Oligophagy of L. t. is considered rather useful due to the phenology of its particular host species that manifest considerable seasonal succession. The effectiveness of L. t. as well as the value of the biocontrol project for the whole Mediterranean area are discussed.

Zusammenfassung
Biologische Schadlingskontrolle von Lausen im Mittelmeergebiet Frankreichs mit dem eingefuhrten Parasitoiden Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cress.) (Hym., Aphidiidae)

Lysiphlebus testaceipes (= L. t.) wurde in den Jahren 1973/74 von Kuba uber die Tschechoslowakei nach Sudfrankreich eingefuhrt, um die nicht heimischen Lause Toxoptera aurantii (B. d. F.) und Aphis citricola v. d. G. zu bekampfen. Die Untersuchungen bis 1986 zeigten, das L. t. sowohl im gesamten Mittelmeergebiet Frankreichs als auch in Spanien, Portugal und grosen Teilen Italiens und Siziliens erfolgreich angesiedelt werden konnte. Neben der hohen Wirksamkeit gegen die Zielschadlinge (unvollstandige Parasitierung von A. citricola) entwickelte sich L. t. zum wichtigsten Parasitoiden bei einer Anzahl einheimischer, sowohl schadlicher als auch indifferenter Lausearten. L. t. tritt inzwischen in allen Vegetationsformen auf, vom landwirtschaftlichen bis zum forstwirtschaftlichen Okosystem. Im Hinblick auf die Phanologie seiner Wirte erwies sich die Oligophagie von L. t. als sehr gunstig. Es werden sowohl die Wirksamkeit von L. t. als auch die Bedeutung dieses Projekts fur die biologische Schadlingsbekampfung im Mittelmeerraum diskutiert.

Biocontrol of aphids by the introduced Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cress.) (Hym., Aphidiidae) in Mediterranean France

Heavy metal air pollutants (abbreviated as HMAP), i.e. Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, were studied in Formica rufa, F. polyctena, F. pratensis and F. lugubris at polluted and unpolluted forest localities in Czechoslovakia. Obvious differences in the HMAP contents of the material on the hill surface, workers, sexual progeny, and their pupae were considered. Considerable seasonal changes (increase) in the HMAP content of the workers occur during the season. Comparative analysis of workers going to and from the attended aphid colonies as well as that of the aphids and their host trees has indicated honeydew as the principal source of HMAP contamination (of the workers), whereas the protein food utilized for breeding (both workers and sexual progeny) manifested much lower HMAP values.



The HMAP sources in the wood ant colonies, the changes in the HMAP content of the workers, progeny differences, HMAP transfer in the nest, contamination of the food webs through the wood ants, resistance, bioindication and sampling standardization are discussed. HMAP transfer through honeydew (determined through the ants) is emphasized as indicating allied ecotoxicological (HMAP) problems in honey-bees (apiculture).



Zusammenfassung

Schwermetallgehalt und -transfer in Populationen der Waldameise, Formica spp. (Hym., Formicidae)



In der Tschechoslowakei wurden in verschiedenen Waldgebieten mit hoher und geringer Luftver-schmutzung die folgenden Formica-Arten auf Schwermetalle (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn) untersucht: F. rufa, F. polyctena, F. pratensis und F. lugubris. Es konnten deutliche Unterschiede hinsichtlich des Schwermetallgehalts in den Materialien der Nestoberflache, in den Arbeiterinnen, der Geschlechtstiere und der Puppen festgestellt werden. Bei den Arbeiterinnen konnte wahrend der verschiedenen Jahreszeiten ein betrachtlicher Anstieg des Schwermetallgehaltes festgestellt werden. Durch vergleichende Analysen von Arbeiterinnen, auf dem Hin- bzw. Ruckweg zu/von benachbarten Lauskolonien, als auch durch Untersuchungen der Lause und der befallenen Baume konnte nachgewiesen werden, das Honigtau als die Hauptkontaminationsquelle fur die Arbeiterinnen gilt, wohingegen proteinhaltige Nahrung zur Aufzucht der Brut deutlich niedrigere Schwermetallgehalte aufwies.



Die Schwermetallquellen fur Waldameisen, die Veranderungen der Schwermetallgehalte bei den Arbeiterinnen, Unterschiede innerhalb der Brut, Schwermetalltransfer in die Nester, Kontamination des Frasnetzes der Waldameisen, Resistenz, Bioindikatoren und die Standardisierung der Probennahme werden diskutiert. Es wird hervorgehoben, das der Schwermetalltransfer uber den Honigtau (indirekter Nachweis durch Untersuchung der Ameisen) ahnliche okotoxikologische Probleme bei der Honigbiene und damit in der Imkerei hervorrufen wird.

Content and transfer of heavy metal air pollutants in populations of Formica spp. wood ants (Hym., Formicidae)

Post-colonisation host range of Lysiphlebus testaceipes in the Mediterranean area (Hymenoptera, Aphididae).

The host spectrum, habitats and relative abundance of D. rapae were determined by classification of reared material (Czechoslovakia). Brevicoryne brassicae, Hayhurstia atriplicis and Myzus persicae were established as the most important hosts in agroecosystems. The genetic diversity of the parasitoid populations from the particular host species was established by analysing the isozyme esterases (disc gel electrophoresis). Populations of the parasitoid on B. brassicae were determined as the diversity centre. Host alternation (from B. brassicae and H. atriplicis to M. persicae) was found to be associated with a decrease in the variety of the isozyme patterns, i. e. genetic diversity; the dominant types prevailed in all cases. The new concept and term “Population diversity centre (PDC)” is proposed for the parasitoid/host situations exhibiting major diversity, and “Population diversity webs (PDW)” for connections between the particular parasitoid/host biotypes (strains). The new approach to the topic enables determination of the infraspecies structure of D. rapae and a subsequent better classification of the agroecosystems relationships through ecological characteristics of the parasitoid. The results are discussed in relation to biological and integrated control programmes.



Zusammenfassung

Populations-Diversitat von Diaeretiella rapae (M'Int.) (Hym., Aphidiidae), einem Blattlaus-Parasitoiden in Agrookosystemen



Es wurden Wirtsspektrum, Habitats und relative Abundanz von D. rapae von Material, das in der CSSR gezogen wurde, bestimmt. Brevicoryne brassicae, Hayhurstia atriplicis und Myzus persicae wurden als die wichtigsten Wirte des Parasitoiden erkannt. Die genetische Diversitat der Populationen des Parasitoiden in den einzelnen Wirtsarten wurde mittels Analyse der Enzymesterasen (Scheiben-Gel-Elektrophorese) bestimmt. Die Populationen des Parasitoiden in B. brassicae wurden als Diversitatszentrum festgestellt. Wirtswechsel (von B. brassicae und H. atriplicis zu M. persicae) zeigte sich verbunden mit einer Abnahme der Varietat der Isozym-Muster, d. h. der genetischen Diversitat. Der dominante Typus uberwog in allen Fallen. Es werden ein neues Konzept und neue Termini „Populations diversity centre (PDC)” fur die eine grosere Diversitat aufweisenden Parasitoid-/Wirts-Situationen sowie „Population diversity webs (PDW)” fur die Beziehungen zwischen den einzelnen Parasitoid-/Wirts-Biotypen (-Stammen) vorgeschlagen. Das neue Konzept ermoglicht die Bestimmung der intraspezifischen Struktur von D. rapae und eine spatere bessere Klassifikation der Agrookosystem-Beziehungen an Hand der okologischen Merkmale des Parasitoiden. Die Ergebnisse werden im Hinblick auf biologische und integrierte Bekampfungsprogramme diskutiert.

P. Starý

Papers

Biocontrol of aphids by the introduced Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cress.) (Hym., Aphidiidae) in Mediterranean France

Content and transfer of heavy metal air pollutants in populations of Formica spp. wood ants (Hym., Formicidae)

Post-colonisation host range of Lysiphlebus testaceipes in the Mediterranean area (Hymenoptera, Aphididae).

Population diversity of Diaeretiella rapae (M'Int.) (Hym., Aphidiidae), an aphid parasitoid in agroecosystems

Common elder, Sambucus nigra, as a reservoir of aphids and parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Aphidiidae).